python-notes

---

1.通过cmd命令运行已存在的.py文件

1.进入到该.py文件的目录下
2.命令输入python xxx.py即可

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2.换行符使用

**f5运行

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3.变量赋值

>>> myteacher = "mr.z"
>>> yourteacher = myteacher
>>> myteacher
'mr.z'
>>> yourteacher
'mr.z'

---------
>>> myteacher = "zz"
>>> myteacher
'zz'
>>> yourteacher
'mr.z'
>>> 

改变变量值，会创建新的一个东西。

1.变量名要区分大小写
2.变量名必须以下划线或字母开头
3.变量名不可以存在空格

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4.操作符

• 两个**代表幂，3**5代表‘3的5次幂’
• 除/

>>> print (3/2)
1.5
>>> print (5/2)
2.5
>>> print (10/3)
3.3333333333333335
>>> print (4/2)
2.0
>>> 

• 取余%

>>> print (10%3)
1
>>> 

• e记法
  3e5 表示”3乘以10的5次幂”

>>> print (3e5)
300000.0
>>> 

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5.类型转换

• 转换后，只是创建了一个新的b，a并未改变。

>>> a = 21
>>> a
21
>>> b = float(a)
>>> b
21.0
>>> a
21
>>> b
21.0

• int（）并不会返回最靠近的一个整数，只会把小数点后的全部砍去。

>>> e = 54.99
>>> e
54.99
>>> f = int(e)
>>> f
54
>>> print (e)
54.99

• 查看数据类型使用函数type（）

>>> a = 12
>>> b = "12"
>>> c = 12.0
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(b)
<class 'str'>
>>> type(c)
<class 'float'>
>>> 

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6.键入函数input()

• 从用户处得到一个字符串

>>> input()
hello
'hello'
>>>

• 想得到一个同行的输入

#print("please input: ");
#e = input()
e =input("\n please input: ")
print(e)

======= RESTART: E:/python/test-5.py ==========

please input: julia
julia
>>> 

注：
1.#为单行注释符
2.\n为换行符

• print()不换行
  正常print（）后要换行，如下：

numStars = int(input("how much * do you want?"))
for i in range(1, numStars+1):
    print("*")

运行：

====== RESTART: E:/study/python/11-2.py =====
how much * do you want?5
*
*
*
*
*
>>> 

如何不换行嘞？
加上end = “ ”

numStars = int(input("how much * do you want?"))
for i in range(1, numStars+1):
    print("*", end = " ")

运行：

====== RESTART: E:/study/python/11-2.py =====
how much * do you want?5
* * * * * 
>>> 

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7.从互联网的一个文件得到输入

python3.5.2代码如下：

import urllib.request
file = urllib.request.urlopen('http://helloworldbook.com/data/message.txt')
message = file.read()
print (message)

运行成功如下：

========= RESTART: E:/python/test-5.py ==============
b'Congratulations! You have just made your computer reach across the internet to get a secret message!\r\nI hope you are enjoying "Hello World! Computer Programming for Kids and Other Beginners".\r\nHave fun!\r\n\r\nWarren and Carter\r\n\r\n'
>>> 

python2.x代码如下：

import urllib
file = urllib . urlopen('http://helloworldbook.com/data/message.txt')
message = file.read()
print message

在python3.5.2中运行2.x的代码会报错

========= RESTART: E:/python/test-5.py =========
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:/python/test-5.py", line 2, in <module>
    file = urllib . urlopen('http://helloworldbook.com/data/message.txt')
AttributeError: module 'urllib' has no attribute 'urlopen'
>>> 

注：
1.urllib已改为urllib.request
2.print要加括弧

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8.EasyGui的使用

首先下载安装easygui

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①.EasyGui的msgbox

>>> import easygui
>>> easygui.msgbox("hello julia")

enter键后出现下图：

点击‘ok’
python shell中返回‘ok’

>>> import easygui
>>> easygui.msgbox("hello julia")
'OK'
>>> 

注：
1.EasyGui的msgbox就是包含一条信息和一个ok按钮的对话框

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②.EasyGui的buttonbox

import easygui
flavor = easygui.buttonbox("what is your favorite ice cream flavor?",
choices = ['vanilla', 'chocolate', 'strawberry' ])
easygui.msgbox("you picked " + flavor)

运行后如下图

选择chocolate

如果在代码最后加一句print(flavor)
点击‘ok’按钮后返回选择的对应按钮的值

======= RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6.py ======
>>> 
======= RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6.py =======
vanilla
>>> 
======= RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6.py =======
chocolate
>>> 
======= RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6.py =======
strawberry
>>> 

• buttonbox用法buttonbox(“xxxxxx”, choices = [‘xx’,’xx’,’xx’])

>>> import easygui
>>> easygui.buttonbox("hello julia",choices=['a','b','c'])
'a'
>>> 

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③.EasyGui的choicebox

1.

import easygui
flavor = easygui.choicebox("what is your favorite ice cream flavor?",
choices = ['vanilla', 'chocolate', 'strawberry' ])
easygui.msgbox("you picked " + flavor)
print(flavor)

运行：

选择一个，点击‘ok’，把选择的字符传递给下一个框

点击‘ok’，返回‘ok’

===== RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6-2.py =====
OK
vanilla
>>> 

若在第一个弹框，选择cancel
则会报错，这是因为程序的最后一行希望得到某个文本(如Vanilla) ，倘若你点击Cancel. 它将得不到任何输入。

===== RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6-2.py =====
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6-2.py", line 4, in <module>
    easygui.msgbox("you picked " + flavor)
TypeError: Can't convert 'NoneType' object to str implicitly
>>> 

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④.EasyGui的enterbox

import easygui
flavor = easygui.enterbox("what is your favorite ice cream flavor?")
easygui.msgbox("you entered " + flavor)
print(flavor)

运行，输入字符

点击ok

再点击ok，返回输入过的字符

====== RESTART: G:/STUDY/pythonStudy/6-3.py ======
草莓
>>> 

2.enterbox 的默认输入

import easygui
flavor = easygui.enterbox("what is your favorite ice cream flavor?",default = 'vanilla')
easygui.msgbox("you entered " + flavor)
print(flavor)

运行

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注：
1.EasyGui的integerbox用来输入整数，但不能输入浮点数

猜数game：

import easygui,random

secret = random.randint(1, 99)
guess = 0
tries = 0

easygui.msgbox("let's guess my secret number!only 6 times")
while guess != secret and tries < 6:
    guess = easygui.integerbox("please input your guessnumber:")
    if not secret:break
    if guess < secret:
        easygui.msgbox("too low")
    if guess > secret:
        easygui.msgbox("too high")
    tries = tries + 1

if guess == secret:
    easygui.msgbox("congraduations!")
else:
    easygui.msgbox("game over")

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9.是Skier滑雪智障小游戏啦~

注意哦：
1.先按照pygame，cmd输入命令：pip install pygame
2.把图片（8张.png）跟代码放同一个文件夹

import pygame, sys, random

# different images for the skier depending on his direction
skier_images = ["skier_down.png", "skier_right1.png", "skier_right2.png",
                 "skier_left2.png", "skier_left1.png"]

# class for the skier sprite
class SkierClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load("skier_down.png")
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.center = [320, 100]
        self.angle = 0

    def turn(self, direction): 
        # load new image and change speed when the skier turns
        self.angle = self.angle + direction
        if self.angle < -2:  self.angle = -2
        if self.angle >  2:  self.angle =  2 
        center = self.rect.center
        self.image = pygame.image.load(skier_images[self.angle])
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.center = center
        speed = [self.angle, 6 - abs(self.angle) * 2]
        return speed

    def move(self, speed):
        # move the skier right and left
        self.rect.centerx = self.rect.centerx + speed[0]
        if self.rect.centerx < 20:  self.rect.centerx = 20
        if self.rect.centerx > 620: self.rect.centerx = 620 

# class for obstacle sprites (trees and flags)
class ObstacleClass(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, image_file, location, type):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)  #call Sprite initializer
        self.image_file = image_file        
        self.image = pygame.image.load(image_file)
        self.location = location
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.rect.center = location
        self.type = type
        self.passed = False

    def scroll(self, terrainPos):
        self.rect.centery = self.location[1] - terrainPos

# create one "screen" of terrain: 640 x 640
# use "blocks" of 64 x 64 pixels, so objects aren't too close together
def create_map(start, end):
    obstacles = pygame.sprite.Group()
    locations = []
    gates = pygame.sprite.Group()
    for i in range(10):                 # 10 obstacles per screen 
        row = random.randint(start, end)
        col = random.randint(0, 9)
        location  = [col * 64 + 20, row * 64 + 20] #center x, y for obstacle
        if not (location in locations):        # prevent 2 obstacles in the same place
            locations.append(location)          
            type = random.choice(["tree", "flag"])
            if type == "tree": img = "skier_tree.png"
            elif type == "flag":  img = "skier_flag.png"
            obstacle = ObstacleClass(img, location, type)
            obstacles.add(obstacle)
    return obstacles

# redraw the screen, including all sprites
def animate():
    screen.fill([255, 255, 255])
    pygame.display.update(obstacles.draw(screen)) 
    screen.blit(skier.image, skier.rect)
    screen.blit(score_text, [10, 10])
    pygame.display.flip()    

def updateObstacleGroup(map0, map1):
    obstacles = pygame.sprite.Group()
    for ob in map0:  obstacles.add(ob)
    for ob in map1:  obstacles.add(ob)
    return obstacles

# initialize everything
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode([640,640])
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
skier = SkierClass()
speed = [0, 6]
map_position = 0
points = 0
map0 = create_map(20, 29)
map1 = create_map(10, 19)
activeMap = 0

# group for all obstacles to do collision detection
obstacles = updateObstacleGroup(map0, map1)

# font object for score
font = pygame.font.Font(None, 50)

# main Pygame event loop
while True:
    clock.tick(30)
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT: sys.exit()
        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:          # check for key presses
            if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:        # left arrow turns left
                speed = skier.turn(-1)
            elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:     #right arrow turns right
                speed = skier.turn(1)
    skier.move(speed)
    map_position += speed[1]                      # scroll the terrain

    # manage terrain maps, switch between them,
    # and create new terrain at the bottom
    if map_position >=640 and activeMap == 0:
        activeMap = 1
        map0 = create_map(20, 29)
        obstacles = updateObstacleGroup(map0, map1)
    if map_position >=1280 and activeMap == 1:                        
        activeMap = 0
        for ob in map0:
            ob.location[1] = ob.location[1] - 1280   # wrap around to top
        map_position = map_position - 1280           #
        map1 = create_map(10, 19)
        obstacles = updateObstacleGroup(map0, map1)

    for obstacle in obstacles:
        obstacle.scroll(map_position)

    # check for hitting trees or getting flags
    hit =  pygame.sprite.spritecollide(skier, obstacles, False)
    if hit:
        if hit[0].type == "tree" and not hit[0].passed:  #crashed into tree  
            points = points - 100
            skier.image = pygame.image.load("skier_crash.png")  # crash image
            animate()  
            pygame.time.delay(1000)
            skier.image = pygame.image.load("skier_down.png")  # resume skiing
            skier.angle = 0
            speed = [0, 6]
            hit[0].passed = True
        elif hit[0].type == "flag" and not hit[0].passed:   # got a flag
            points += 10
            obstacles.remove(hit[0])                    # remove the flag

    score_text = font.render("Score: " +str(points), 1, (0, 0, 0))
    animate()