C++课程笔记（2）——Part1 Basic Facilities

Reference Book：《C++Primer》

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Types and Declaration

（1）Boolean Type

（2）Knowing Ranges of Types

#include <limits>

// Implementation-dependent
#include <limits>
int main()
{
   cout << "largest integer = " 
    << numeric_limits<int>::max();
   cout << “smallest integer = " 
    << numeric_limits<int>::min();
   return 0; 
}

int类型

#include <limits>
int main()
{
   cout << "largest float = " 
    << numeric_limits<float>::max();
   cout << “float nearest to zero = " 
    << numeric_limits<float>::min();
   return 0; 
}

float类型

（3）Binary Literal

（4）Declaration

A. Declaration vs. definition：

A Definition is a declaration that defines an entity for the identifier.
A declaration may not be a definition.
Definition exactly once, declaration many times.

B. Declaration Examples：

string s;
double sqrt(double);
template <class T> T abs(T a)	// Template模板定义各类abs()函数
    { return a<0?-a:a;}
typedef complex<short> Point;	// typedef定义了新的类型名，并未定义新的类型，只能定义一次
struct User;
namespace NS{ int a; }
constexpr double pi=3.14;
using PointT = complex<short>;
wchar_t chineseCharacter = L’汉’	// 开头L表示用Unicode编码汉字，类型是wchar_t
basic_string<wchar_t> 
  chStr = L”汉字”;
extern int a; 

const c=7; 
  // Error! Lack of type
 gt(int a, int b) 
  { return a>b?a:b;}
  // Error! Lack of return type
 
  // "implicit int" Rule 
  // not allowed in C++!

C. Using Global Identifier :

::globalId can be used in a local scope, even its name is identical to local one.

  int x;
 void f()
 {
    int x=1;
    ::x=2;	// 修改的是全局变量x的值
    x=3;	// 修改f()中的变量x的值
    …
 }

（5）auto P61-62

auto i{0};
vector<string> v; …
   for (const auto& x : v) cout << x << '\n';
for (auto i : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}) 
       cout << i << '\n';

four syntactic styles:

T a1 {v};
T a2 = {v};
T a3 = v;
T a4(v);

prefer = when using auto.

auto a2 = {v};
auto a3 = v;

2. Pointers, Arrays and Structures

（1）Variable-size arrays

 #include <vector>
 using namespace std;
 void f(int i)
 {
    vector<int> v1(i);
    vector<int> v2{1,2,3};
    vector<int> v3(i,10);
    …
 }

（2）Constant P53-56

·Constants and Literals
·Keyword const as a modifier
·A constant identifier must be initialized and cannot be assigned
·Prefer to #define macro usage
·Using symbolic constants is better than using literals in the large programs

·const int model=90;
·const int v[]={1,2,3,4};
·const double PI=3.14;
·constexpr double PI1=3.14;
·const double PI2{3.14};

（3）Pointers and Constant P56-57

A. 指向常量的指针

   const int someInt=10;
   const int *p = &someInt; 
Or
   int const  *p = &someInt; 
  // *p is a constant, p is a variable

B. const指针

   int someInt=10;
   int *const p = &someInt; 
   // p is a constant

C.指向常量+const指针

   const int someInt=10;
   const int *const p = &someInt; 
Or
   int const *const p = &someInt; 
  // *p is a constant, p is a constant too.

void f(char*p)
{   char s[]="Gorm";
    const char* pc=s;
    pc[3]='g'; //Error! 
    pc=p;
    
    char* const cp=s;
    cp[3]='g'; 
    cp=p;     //Error! 
    
    const char* const cpc=s;
    cpc[3]='g'; //Error! 
    cpc=p;      //Error! 
}

 void f4( )
{  int a