Android的Service与BroadcastReceiver之一 Service简介、创建、配置、启动、停止与其生命周期

Service一直后台运行，它没有用户界面；一旦启动，就与Activity一样，完全具有自己的生命周期

开发Service组件需要

1. 先开发一个Service的子类
2. 然后再AndroidManifest.xml文件中配置该Service，配置时可通过<intent-filter.../>元素指定它可以被那些Intent启动

Android系统提供了大量的Service组件，开发者可通过这些系统Service来操作Android系统本身

Service与Activity都从Context派生，因此可调用getResources()、getContentResolver()等；

生命周期

IBinder onBind(Intent intent)	必须实现的方法，返回一个IBinder对象，应用通过该对象与Service组件通信
void onCreate()
void onDestroy()
void onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId)	每次客户端调用startService(Intent)方法启动该Service时都会回调该方法
boolean onUnbind(Intent intent)	当该Service上绑定的所有客户端都断开连接时会回调该方法

示例代码

public class FirstService extends Service {

@Override
public IBinder onBind ( Intent arg0 )
{
return null ;
}
@Override
public void onCreate ()
{
super . onCreate ();
System . out .println( "Service is created" );
}
@Override
public int onStartCommand ( Intent intent , int flags , int startId )
{
System . out .println( "Service is started" );
return START_STICKY ;
}
@Override
public void onDestroy ()
{
super . onDestroy ();
System . out .println( "Service is destroyed" );
}

}

< service android:name = ".FirstService" >
            < intent-filter >
                < action android:name = "com.example.service.FIRST_SERVICE" />
            </ intent-filter >

            </ service >

Service开发完成后，接下来就可在程序中运行该Service了，Android系统中运行Service

1. 通过Context的startService()方法：访问者与Service之间没有关联，即使访问者退出，Service任然运行
2. 通过Context的bindService()方法：访问者与Service绑定在一起，访问者一旦退出，Service也终止

示例代码（使用Activity作为Service的访问者，一个启动Service按钮，一个关闭Service按钮）

---

如果Service和访问者之间需要进行方法调用或数据交换，则应该使用bindService()和unbindService()方法启动、关闭Service

bindService(Intent service, ServiceConnection conn, int flags)

• service：该参数通过Intent指定要启动的Service
• conn：ServiceConnection对象，监听访问者与Service之间的连接情况；当连接成功时回调ServiceConnection对象的onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service)方法，断开时onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name)方法
• flags：指绑定时是否自动创建Service（可指定为0或者BIND_AUTO_CREATE）

实际开发时通常会采用继承Binder(IBinder的实现类)的方式实现自己的IBinder对象。

示例代码

（示范了如何在Activity中绑定本地Service，并获取Service的运行状态。该程序的Service类需要“真正”实现onBind()方法，并让该方法放回一个有效的IBinder对象）

BindService

public class BindService extends Service {

private int count ;
private boolean quit ;
private MyBinder binder = new MyBinder();
public class MyBinder extends Binder
{
public int getCount ()
{
return count ;
}
}
@Override
public IBinder onBind ( Intent intent )
{
System . out .println( "Service is Binded" );
return binder ;
}
@Override
public void onCreate ()
{
super . onCreate ();
System . out .println( "Service is Created" );
new Thread()
{
@Override
public void run ()
{
while (! quit )
{
try {
Thread . sleep ( 1000 );
}
catch ( InterruptedException e )
{}
count ++;
}
}
}.start();
}
@Override
public boolean onUnbind ( Intent intent )
{
System . out .println( "Service is Unbinded" );
return true ;
}
@Override
public void onDestroy ()
{
super . onDestroy ();
this . quit = true ;
System . out .println( "Service is Destroyed" );
}

}

BindServiceTest

public class BindServiceTest extends Activity {
Button bind , unbind , getServiceStatus ;
BindService . MyBinder binder ;
private ServiceConnection conn = new ServiceConnection()
{
@Override
public void onServiceConnected ( ComponentName name
, IBinder service )
{
System . out .println( "---Service Connected---" );
binder = ( BindService . MyBinder ) service ;
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected ( ComponentName name )
{
System . out .println( "---Service Disconnected---" );
}
};
@Override
public void onCreate ( Bundle savedInstanceState )
{
super . onCreate ( savedInstanceState );
setContentView ( R . layout . main );
bind = ( Button ) findViewById ( R . id . bind );
unbind = ( Button ) findViewById ( R . id . unbind );
getServiceStatus = ( Button ) findViewById ( R . id . getServiceStatus );
final Intent intent = new Intent();
intent .setAction( "com.example.service.BIND_SERVICE" );
bind .setOnClickListener( new OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick ( View source )
{
bindService( intent , conn , Service . BIND_AUTO_CREATE );
}
});
unbind .setOnClickListener( new OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick ( View source )
{
unbindService( conn );
}
});
getServiceStatus .setOnClickListener( new OnClickListener()
{
@Override
public void onClick ( View source )
{
Toast . makeText ( BindServiceTest . this , "Service count value:"
+ binder .getCount(), Toast . LENGTH_SHORT ).show();
}
});
}

}

Service配置代码

< service android:name = ".BindService" >

            < intent-filter >
                < action android:name = "com.example.service.BIND_SERVICE" />
            </ intent-filter >

            </ service >

与多次调用startService()方法启动Service不同的是，多次调用bindService()方法并不会执行重复绑定

---

IntentService

Service本身存在的两个问题

• Service不会专门启动一条单独的进程，Service与它所在应用位于同一个进程中
• Service也不是专门一条新的线程，因此不该在Service中直接处理耗时任务

而IntentService正好可以弥补Service的上述两个不足

IntentService使用队列来管理请求Intent，每次使用新的worker线程处理Intent请求，因此IntentService不会阻塞主线程，它自己就可以处理耗时任务，IntentService有如下特征

• IntentService会创建单独的worker线程来处理所有的Intent请求
• IntentService会创建单独的worker线程来处理onHandleIntent()方法处理代码，开发者无需处理多线程
• 当所有请求处理完成后，IntentService会自动停止，因此无需调用stopSelf()来停止
• 为Service的onBind()方法提供了默认的实现，默认实现的onBind()方法返回null
• 为Service的onStartCommand()方法提供了默认实现，该实现会将请求Intent添加到队列中

扩展IntentService无须重写onBind()、onStartCommand()方法，只要重写onHandleIntent()方法

示例

IntentServiceTest.java

public class IntentServiceTest extends ActionBarActivity {

    @Override
    protected void onCreate ( Bundle savedInstanceState ) {
        super . onCreate ( savedInstanceState );
        setContentView ( R . layout . main );
    }
    public void startService ( View source )
    {
    Intent intent = new Intent( this , MyService . class );
    startService ( intent );
    }
    public void startIntentService ( View source )
    {
    Intent intent = new Intent( this , MyIntentService . class );
    startService ( intent );

    }

}

MyService.java

public class MyService extends Service {
@Override
public IBinder onBind ( Intent intent )
{
return null ;
}
@Override
public int onStartCommand ( Intent intent , int flags , int startId )
{
long endTime = System . currentTimeMillis () + 20 * 1000 ;
System . out .println( "onStart" );
while ( System . currentTimeMillis () < endTime )
{
synchronized ( this )
{
try {
wait ( endTime - System . currentTimeMillis ());
}
catch ( Exception e )
{
}
}
}
System . out .println( "----time consuming task running---" );
return START_STICKY ;
}

}

MyIntentService.java

public class MyIntentService extends IntentService {
public MyIntentService ()
{
super ( "MyIntentService" );
}
@Override
protected void onHandleIntent ( Intent intent )
{
long endTime = System . currentTimeMillis () + 20 * 1000 ;
System . out .println( "onStart" );
while ( System . currentTimeMillis () < endTime )
{
synchronized ( this )
{
try {
wait ( endTime - System . currentTimeMillis ());
} catch ( Exception e ){}
}
}
}

}