linux-常用命令整理（系统）-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/L596462013/article/details/130187212

rz上传-sz下载文件：

[root@localhost ~]# rz -y

[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  toonmecom_58c791.png

[root@localhost ~]# sz -y toonmecom_58c791.png 
[root@localhost ~]# 

[root@localhost ~]#

tree查看目录结构：

tree -L 1：只显示一层目录
tree -d  ：只显示目录

创建目录：

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir cc
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  cc
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir -p 1/{2,3,4,5}/{6,7,8,9}
[root@localhost ~]# ls
1  anaconda-ks.cfg  cc
[root@localhost ~]# tree 1
1
├── 2
│   ├── 6
│   ├── 7
│   ├── 8
│   └── 9
├── 3
│   ├── 6
│   ├── 7
│   ├── 8
│   └── 9
├── 4
│   ├── 6
│   ├── 7
│   ├── 8
│   └── 9
└── 5
    ├── 6
    ├── 7
    ├── 8
    └── 9

20 directories, 0 files

touch：创建文件

[root@localhost ~]# touch test
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  test

stat：

查看文件属性（大小、最近访问时间、最近修改时间、文件状态最近更改时间（属性、大小、权限））

[root@localhost ~]# stat test 
  File: ‘test’
  Size: 0         	Blocks: 0          IO Block: 4096   regular empty file
Device: fd00h/64768d	Inode: 34191223    Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)
Access: 2023-04-16 08:08:54.279402926 -0400
Modify: 2023-04-16 08:08:54.279402926 -0400
Change: 2023-04-16 08:08:54.279402926 -0400
 Birth: -

ls：查看目录内容：

[root@localhost ~]# ls .
anaconda-ks.cfg  test

cp：复制文件或目录或者重命名

[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  test
[root@localhost ~]# cp test /tmp/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/
test  yum.log

[root@localhost ~]# mkdir te
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  te  test

[root@localhost ~]# cp -rp te /tmp/
[root@localhost ~]# ls /tmp/
te  test  yum.log

[root@localhost ~]# cp test test01
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  te  test  test01

alias：别名（临时）

[root@localhost ~]# alias 
alias cp='cp -i'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto'
alias ll='ls -l --color=auto'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias mv='mv -i'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'

[root@localhost ~]# alias test='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0'
[root@localhost ~]# test
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
DEFROUTE=yes
PEERDNS=yes
PEERROUTES=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_PEERDNS=yes
IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes

永久生成：

[root@localhost ~]# echo "alias test='cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0'" >> ~/.bashrc

history：历史记录

[root@localhost ~]# history -c
[root@localhost ~]# history 
    1  history 
[root@localhost ~]#

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/selinux/config 

# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted 


[root@localhost ~]# history 
    1  history 
    2  cat /etc/selinux/config 
    3  history 
[root@localhost ~]# history -d 2
[root@localhost ~]# history 
    1  history 
    2  history 
    3  history -d 2
    4  history 
[root@localhost ~]#

查看系统版本：

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611 (Core)

查看内核信息：

[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64

查看、修改主机名：

[root@localhost ~]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
[root@localhost ~]# uname -n
localhost.localdomain
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname Test_7
[root@localhost ~]# exit
logout

[root@test_7 ~]# hostname
test_7
[root@test_7 ~]# uname -n
test_7

查看cup信息：

[root@test_7 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 165
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-10750H CPU @ 2.60GHz
stepping	: 2
microcode	: 0xc6
cpu MHz		: 2591.622
cache size	: 12288 KB
physical id	: 0
siblings	: 1
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 1
apicid		: 0
initial apicid	: 0
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 22
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch arat fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1
bogomips	: 5184.00
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor	: 1
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 165
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-10750H CPU @ 2.60GHz
stepping	: 2
microcode	: 0xc6
cpu MHz		: 2591.622
cache size	: 12288 KB
physical id	: 2
siblings	: 1
core id		: 0
cpu cores	: 1
apicid		: 2
initial apicid	: 2
fpu		: yes
fpu_exception	: yes
cpuid level	: 22
wp		: yes
flags		: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc eagerfpu pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch arat fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1
bogomips	: 5184.00
clflush size	: 64
cache_alignment	: 64
address sizes	: 45 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

查看内存信息：

[root@test_7 ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:        1867292 kB
MemFree:         1498552 kB
MemAvailable:    1602608 kB
Buffers:            7152 kB
Cached:           227244 kB
SwapCached:            0 kB
Active:           150728 kB
Inactive:         120288 kB
Active(anon):      36960 kB
Inactive(anon):     8340 kB
Active(file):     113768 kB
Inactive(file):   111948 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:       2097148 kB
SwapFree:        2097148 kB
Dirty:                 0 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:         36564 kB
Mapped:            22712 kB
Shmem:              8680 kB
Slab:              42476 kB
SReclaimable:      18900 kB
SUnreclaim:        23576 kB
KernelStack:        3840 kB
PageTables:         3240 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     3030792 kB
Committed_AS:     242048 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:      180208 kB
VmallocChunk:   34359310332 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:      6144 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:       65408 kB
DirectMap2M:     2031616 kB
DirectMap1G:           0 kB

echo：显示输出

[root@test_7 ~]# echo "HelloWorld"
HelloWorld

[root@test_7 ~]# echo -e "Hello\tWorld"
Hello	World

[root@test_7 ~]# echo -e "Hello\nWorld"
Hello
World

[root@test_7 ~]# echo "HelloWorld" >>test
[root@test_7 ~]# cat test 
HelloWorld
[root@test_7 ~]# echo "HelloWorld" >>test
[root@test_7 ~]# cat test 
HelloWorld
HelloWorld

[root@test_7 ~]# echo "Hello" ; echo "World"
Hello
World
[root@test_7 ~]# echo -n  "Hello" ; echo "World"
HelloWorld

grep：过滤：

[root@test_7 ~]# ps -ef | grep sshd
root       1754      1  0 07:36 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
root       2523   1754  0 08:25 ?        00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/0
root       2572   2525  0 08:32 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto sshd

#不区分大小写
[root@test_7 ~]# grep -i "World" test 
HelloWorld
HelloWorld
Helloworld

#取反
[root@test_7 ~]# grep -v "world" test 
HelloWorld
HelloWorld

#统计匹配的行数
[root@test_7 ~]# grep -c "world" test 
1


#只显示匹配的内容
[root@test_7 ~]# grep -o "world" test 
world

tr：替换或者删除字符，源文件不会改变

[root@test_7 ~]# tr "w" "L" <test 
HelloWorld
HelloWorld
HelloLorld
[root@test_7 ~]# cat test 
HelloWorld
HelloWorld
Helloworld

find：查找

[root@test_7 ~]# find /tmp/ -type f -name "test"
/tmp/test
[root@test_7 ~]# basename $(find /tmp/ -type f -name "test")
test

[root@test_7 ~]# ls -lh $(find /boot/ -type f -size "+20M" )
-rw-------. 1 root root 47M Apr 15 17:14 /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-7cd33356ef514d0b9069e22b49dae499.img

[root@test_7 ~]# find /tmp/ -type f -name test -exec rm -rf {} \;

[root@test_7 ~]# find /var/log/ -type f -name "boot.log*" -exec ls -l {} \;
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8234 Apr 16 07:35 /var/log/boot.log

[root@test_7 ~]# find /var/log/ -type f -name "boot.log*" | xargs -i ls -l {};
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8234 Apr 16 07:35 /var/log/boot.log

tar：打包目录

[root@test_7 ~]# tar -zcvf test.tar.gz test/
test/
test/1/
test/1/1/
test/1/2/
test/1/3/
test/1/4/
test/1/5/
test/1/6/
test/1/7/
test/1/8/
test/1/9/
test/1/10/

[root@test_7 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg  test  test.tar.gz

[root@test_7 ~]# tar xf test.tar.gz -C /tmp/
[root@test_7 ~]# ls /tmp/
test  yum.log

date：时间

[root@test_7 ~]# date 
Sun Apr 16 08:46:58 EDT 2023
[root@test_7 ~]# date +%F_%T
2023-04-16_08:47:14

查看用户密码文件：

[root@test_7 ~]# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-bus-proxy:x:999:997:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
polkitd:x:998:996:User for polkitd:/:/sbin/nologin
tss:x:59:59:Account used by the trousers package to sandbox the tcsd daemon:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
chrony:x:997:995::/var/lib/chrony:/sbin/nologin

useradd：创建用户

[root@test_7 ~]# useradd test
[root@test_7 ~]# echo "111" | passwd --stdin test
Changing password for user test.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

[root@test_7 ~]# cat /etc/passwd | grep test
test:x:1000:1000::/home/test:/bin/bash

userdel：删除用户

[root@test_7 ~]# userdel -r test
[root@test_7 ~]# ls /home/
[root@test_7 ~]# cat /etc/passwd |grep test
[root@test_7 ~]#

更改创建用户时的家目录：

[root@test_7 ~]# cat /etc/default/useradd 
# useradd defaults file
GROUP=100
HOME=/test
INACTIVE=-1
EXPIRE=
SHELL=/bin/bash
SKEL=/etc/skel
CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes

[root@test_7 ~]# mkdir /test
[root@test_7 ~]# useradd test01
[root@test_7 ~]# ls /test/
test01

[root@test_7 ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin test01
[root@test_7 ~]# cat /etc/passwd | grep test
test01:x:1000:1000::/test/test01:/sbin/nologin

查看inode总量：

[root@test_7 ~]# df -i
Filesystem           Inodes IUsed   IFree IUse% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root 8910848 56004 8854844    1% /
devtmpfs             230668   346  230322    1% /dev
tmpfs                233411     1  233410    1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                233411   423  232988    1% /run
tmpfs                233411    16  233395    1% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1            524288   330  523958    1% /boot
tmpfs                233411     1  233410    1% /run/user/0

查看block总量，就是磁盘大小：

[root@test_7 ~]# df -h
Filesystem           Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/cl-root   17G  1.6G   16G  10% /
devtmpfs             902M     0  902M   0% /dev
tmpfs                912M     0  912M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                912M  8.5M  904M   1% /run
tmpfs                912M     0  912M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1           1014M  139M  876M  14% /boot
tmpfs                183M     0  183M   0% /run/user/0

硬链接、软连接：

#在同一个分区、文件系统中，具有相同的inode号的就是硬链接文件
[root@test_7 ~]# ln test test02

[root@test_7 ~]# ls -i
33574983 anaconda-ks.cfg  33626678 test  33626678 test02

#软连接
[root@test_7 ~]# ln -s test test03
[root@test_7 ~]# ls -i
33574983 anaconda-ks.cfg  33626678 test  33626678 test02  33626681 test03

charrt：文件属性

#文件不能删除、改名、写入、添加内容
[root@test_7 ~]# mv test test01
mv: cannot move ‘test’ to ‘test01’: Operation not permitted
[root@test_7 ~]# rm -rf test
rm: cannot remove ‘test’: Operation not permitted

[root@test_7 ~]# lsattr test
-----a---------- test

#文件不能删除，修改
[root@test_7 ~]# chattr +i test
[root@test_7 ~]# lsattr test
----i----------- test
[root@test_7 ~]# echo "11111" >> test
-bash: test: Permission denied
[root@test_7 ~]# rm -rf test
rm: cannot remove ‘test’: Operation not permitted