类的特殊方法
1 深入理解类
类本质上也是一个对象,只是其拥有创建自身实例的能力
类可以与变量进行绑定,并且可以为类增加属性
可以把类作为函数的参数传递
2 元类
类的创建和管理者(type),所有的类都是元类的实例
isinstance(Empty,type)查看Empty是否是type的实例
类实例化过程:__new__()、__init__()
class testCustom:
def __init__(self):
print("Init method...")
def __new__(cls,*args,**kwargs):
print("New method...")
return object.__new__(cls,*args,**kwargs)
testCustom()
自定义元类
目的:可以对创建的类进行预处理(继承元类)
class MyMeta(type):
def __init__(self,name,bases,dicts):
print("Init method...")
def __new__(cls,name,bases,dicts):
dicts['info']=lambda self:print("Learning Python...")
res=type.__new__(cls,name,bases,dicts)
res.school="XiDian University"
return res;
class Custom(metaclass=MyMeta):
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
cus=Custom()
cus.info()
print(cus.school)
3 构造序列
实现这四个方法中的某些方法:__len__(self)、__getitem__(self,key)、__setitem__(self,key,value)、__delitem__(self,key)
class MySeq:
def __init__(self):
self.sleq=["I","II","III","IV"]
def __len__(self):
return len(self.sleq)
def __getitem__(self,key):
if 0<=key<self.__len__():
return self.sleq[key]
if __name__ == '__main__':
mySeq=MySeq()
for i in range(mySeq.__len__()):
print(mySeq[i])
4 构造iter
实现__iter__(self)、__next__(self)
class MyIter:
def __init__(self,start,end):
self.count=start;
self.end=end;
def __iter__(self):
return self;
def __next__(self):
if self.count<self.end:
r=self.count
self.count+=1
return r
else:
raise StopIteration
if __name__ == '__main__':
for i in MyIter(1,10):
print(i)
5 可比较的类
实现__lt__(),__le__(),__gt__(),__ge__(),__eq__(),__ne__()部分方法
class Point:
def __init__(self,x,y):
self.x=x
self.y=y
def __lt__(self,oth): #小于的比较
return self.x<oth.x
def __gt__(self,oth): #大于号的比较
return self.y>oth.y
if __name__ == '__main__':
p1=Point(1,0)
p2=Point(0,1)
print(p1<p2)
print(p2>p1)
6构造可运算的类
实现__add__(),__sub__(),__mul__(),__div__()协议可以实现运算
class
Cal:
def
__init__(self,num):
self.num=num
def
__add__(self,oth):
return
self.num+oth.num
def
__mul__(self,oth):
return
self.num*oth.num
if
__name__ ==
'__main__'
:
c1=Cal(
2
)
c2=Cal(
3
);
print
(c1+c2)
print
(c1*c2)