一、事务的概念
事务指逻辑上的一组操作,组成这组操作的各个单元,要不全部成功,要不全部不成功。
例如:A——B转帐,对应于如下两条sql语句
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">update</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'B'</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">update</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'A'</span>;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
二、MySQL数据库中操作事务命令
1、编写测试SQL脚本,如下:
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/*创建账户表*/</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">create</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">table</span> account( id <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">primary</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">key</span> auto_increment, name <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">varchar</span>(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">40</span>), money <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">float</span> );</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/*插入测试数据*/</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">into</span> account(name,money) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'A'</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1000</span>);</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">into</span> account(name,money) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'B'</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1000</span>);</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">into</span> account(name,money) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'C'</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1000</span>);</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>
下面我们在MySQL数据库中模拟A——B转帐这个业务场景
2.1、开启事务(start transaction)
使用”start transaction”开启MySQL数据库的事务,如下所示:
我们首先在数据库中模拟转账失败的场景,首先执行update语句让A用户的money减少100块钱,如下图所示:
然后我们关闭当前操作的dos命令行窗口,这样就导致了刚才执行的update语句的数据库的事务没有被提交,那么我们对A用户的修改就不算是是真正的修改了,下次在查询A用户的money时,依然还是之前的1000,如下图所示:
2.2、提交事务(commit)
下面我们在数据库模拟A——B转账成功的场景
我们手动提交(commit)数据库事务之后,A——B转账100块钱的这个业务操作算是真正成功了,A账户中少了100,B账户中多了100。
2.3、回滚事务(rollback)
通过手动回滚事务,让所有的操作都失效,这样数据就会回到最初的初始状态!
三、JDBC中使用事务
当Jdbc程序向数据库获得一个Connection对象时,默认情况下这个Connection对象会自动向数据库提交在它上面发送的SQL语句。若想关闭这种默认提交方式,让多条SQL在一个事务中执行,可使用下列的JDBC控制事务语句
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">Connection.setAutoCommit(false);//开启事务(<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Connection</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">rollback</span>();</span>//回滚事务(<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">rollback</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Connection</span>.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">commit</span>();</span>//提交事务(<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">commit</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
3.1、JDBC使用事务范例
在JDBC代码中演示银行转帐案例,使如下转帐操作在同一事务中执行
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money-100 where name='A'"</span> update account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'B'</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
代码如下:
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">package</span> me.gacl.demo; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.Connection; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.PreparedStatement; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.ResultSet; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.SQLException; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> me.gacl.utils.JdbcUtils; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> org.junit.Test; <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @ClassName</span>: TransactionDemo1 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Description</span>: * JDBC中使用事务来模似转帐 create table account( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(40), money float ); insert into account(name,money) values('A',1000); insert into account(name,money) values('B',1000); insert into account(name,money) values('C',1000); *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @author</span>: 孤傲苍狼 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @date</span>: 2014-9-22 下午11:16:17 * */</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">TransactionDemo1</span> {</span> <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Method</span>: testTransaction1 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Description</span>: 模拟转账成功时的业务场景 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Anthor</span>:孤傲苍狼 * */</span> <span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@Test</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">testTransaction1</span>(){ Connection conn = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; PreparedStatement st = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; ResultSet rs = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span>{ conn = JdbcUtils.getConnection(); conn.setAutoCommit(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//通知数据库开启事务(start transaction)</span> String sql1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money-100 where name='A'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql1); st.executeUpdate(); String sql2 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money+100 where name='B'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql2); st.executeUpdate(); conn.commit();<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//上面的两条SQL执行Update语句成功之后就通知数据库提交事务(commit)</span> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"成功!!!"</span>); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//log4j</span> }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span> (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">finally</span>{ JdbcUtils.release(conn, st, rs); } } <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Method</span>: testTransaction1 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Description</span>: 模拟转账过程中出现异常导致有一部分SQL执行失败后让数据库自动回滚事务 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Anthor</span>:孤傲苍狼 * */</span> <span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@Test</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">testTransaction2</span>(){ Connection conn = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; PreparedStatement st = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; ResultSet rs = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span>{ conn = JdbcUtils.getConnection(); conn.setAutoCommit(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//通知数据库开启事务(start transaction)</span> String sql1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money-100 where name='A'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql1); st.executeUpdate(); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//用这句代码模拟执行完SQL1之后程序出现了异常而导致后面的SQL无法正常执行,事务也无法正常提交,此时数据库会自动执行回滚操作</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> x = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; String sql2 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money+100 where name='B'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql2); st.executeUpdate(); conn.commit();<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//上面的两条SQL执行Update语句成功之后就通知数据库提交事务(commit)</span> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"成功!!!"</span>); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span> (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">finally</span>{ JdbcUtils.release(conn, st, rs); } } <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Method</span>: testTransaction1 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Description</span>: 模拟转账过程中出现异常导致有一部分SQL执行失败时手动通知数据库回滚事务 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Anthor</span>:孤傲苍狼 * */</span> <span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@Test</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">testTransaction3</span>(){ Connection conn = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; PreparedStatement st = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; ResultSet rs = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span>{ conn = JdbcUtils.getConnection(); conn.setAutoCommit(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//通知数据库开启事务(start transaction)</span> String sql1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money-100 where name='A'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql1); st.executeUpdate(); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//用这句代码模拟执行完SQL1之后程序出现了异常而导致后面的SQL无法正常执行,事务也无法正常提交</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> x = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; String sql2 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money+100 where name='B'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql2); st.executeUpdate(); conn.commit();<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//上面的两条SQL执行Update语句成功之后就通知数据库提交事务(commit)</span> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"成功!!!"</span>); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span> (Exception e) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span> { <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//捕获到异常之后手动通知数据库执行回滚事务的操作</span> conn.rollback(); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span> (SQLException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } e.printStackTrace(); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">finally</span>{ JdbcUtils.release(conn, st, rs); } } }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">62</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">63</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">64</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">65</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">66</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">67</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">68</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">69</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">70</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">71</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">72</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">73</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">74</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">75</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">76</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">77</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">78</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">79</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">80</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">81</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">82</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">83</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">84</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">85</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">86</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">87</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">88</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">89</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">90</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">91</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">92</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">93</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">94</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">95</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">96</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">97</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">98</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">99</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">100</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">101</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">102</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">103</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">104</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">105</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">106</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">107</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">108</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">109</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">110</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">111</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">112</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">113</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">114</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">115</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">116</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">117</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">118</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">119</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">120</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">121</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">122</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">123</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">124</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">125</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">126</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">127</li></ul>
3.2、设置事务回滚点
在开发中,有时候可能需要手动设置事务的回滚点,在JDBC中使用如下的语句设置事务回滚点
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Savepoint sp = conn.setSavepoint();</span> conn.<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">rollback</span>(sp);</span> conn.<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">commit</span>();</span>//回滚后必须通知数据库提交事务</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
设置事务回滚点范例:
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">package</span> me.gacl.demo; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.Connection; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.PreparedStatement; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.ResultSet; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.SQLException; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> java.sql.Savepoint; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> me.gacl.utils.JdbcUtils; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> org.junit.Test; <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @ClassName</span>: TransactionDemo1 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Description</span>: * JDBC中使用事务来模似转帐 create table account( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(40), money float ); insert into account(name,money) values('A',1000); insert into account(name,money) values('B',1000); insert into account(name,money) values('C',1000); *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @author</span>: 孤傲苍狼 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @date</span>: 2014-9-22 下午11:16:17 * */</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">TransactionDemo2</span> {</span> <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Method</span>: testTransaction1 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Description</span>: 模拟转账成功时的业务场景 *<span class="hljs-javadoctag" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> @Anthor</span>:孤傲苍狼 * */</span> <span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@Test</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">testTransaction1</span>(){ Connection conn = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; PreparedStatement st = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; ResultSet rs = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; Savepoint sp = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">null</span>; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span>{ conn = JdbcUtils.getConnection(); conn.setAutoCommit(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//通知数据库开启事务(start transaction)</span> String sql1 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money-100 where name='A'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql1); st.executeUpdate(); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//设置事务回滚点</span> sp = conn.setSavepoint(); String sql2 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money+100 where name='B'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql2); st.executeUpdate(); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//程序执行到这里出现异常,后面的sql3语句执行将会中断</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> x = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>; String sql3 = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"update account set money=money+100 where name='C'"</span>; st = conn.prepareStatement(sql3); st.executeUpdate(); conn.commit(); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span> (Exception e) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span> { <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** * 我们在上面向数据库发送了3条update语句, * sql3语句由于程序出现异常导致无法正常执行,数据库事务而已无法正常提交, * 由于设置的事务回滚点是在sql1语句正常执行完成之后,sql2语句正常执行之前, * 那么通知数据库回滚事务时,不会回滚sql1执行的update操作 * 只会回滚到sql2执行的update操作,也就是说,上面的三条update语句中,sql1这条语句的修改操作起作用了 * sql2的修改操作由于事务回滚没有起作用,sql3由于程序异常没有机会执行 */</span> conn.rollback(sp);<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//回滚到设置的事务回滚点</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//回滚了要记得通知数据库提交事务</span> conn.commit(); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span> (SQLException e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } e.printStackTrace(); }<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">finally</span>{ JdbcUtils.release(conn, st, rs); } } }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">62</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">63</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">64</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">65</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">66</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">67</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">68</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">69</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">70</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">71</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">72</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">73</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">74</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">75</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">76</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">77</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">78</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">79</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">80</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">81</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">82</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">83</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">84</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">85</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">86</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">87</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">88</li></ul>
四、事务的四大特性(ACID)
4.1、原子性(Atomicity)
原子性是指事务是一个不可分割的工作单位,事务中的操作要么全部成功,要么全部失败。比如在同一个事务中的SQL语句,要么全部执行成功,要么全部执行失败
4.2、一致性(Consistency)
官网上事务一致性的概念是:事务必须使数据库从一个一致性状态变换到另外一个一致性状态。以转账为例子,A向B转账,假设转账之前这两个用户的钱加起来总共是2000,那么A向B转账之后,不管这两个账户怎么转,A用户的钱和B用户的钱加起来的总额还是2000,这个就是事务的一致性。
4.3、隔离性(Isolation)
事务的隔离性是多个用户并发访问数据库时,数据库为每一个用户开启的事务,不能被其他事务的操作数据所干扰,多个并发事务之间要相互隔离。
4.4、持久性(Durability)
持久性是指一个事务一旦被提交,它对数据库中数据的改变就是永久性的,接下来即使数据库发生故障也不应该对其有任何影响
事务的四大特性中最麻烦的是隔离性,下面重点介绍一下事务的隔离级别
五、事务的隔离级别
多个线程开启各自事务操作数据库中数据时,数据库系统要负责隔离操作,以保证各个线程在获取数据时的准确性。
5.1、事务不考虑隔离性可能会引发的问题
如果事务不考虑隔离性,可能会引发如下问题:
1、脏读
脏读指一个事务读取了另外一个事务未提交的数据。
这是非常危险的,假设A向B转帐100元,对应sql语句如下所示
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">update</span> account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'B'</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">update</span> account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'A'</span>;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
当第1条sql执行完,第2条还没执行(A未提交时),如果此时B查询自己的帐户,就会发现自己多了100元钱。如果A等B走后再回滚,B就会损失100元。
2、不可重复读
不可重复读指在一个事务内读取表中的某一行数据,多次读取结果不同。
例如银行想查询A帐户余额,第一次查询A帐户为200元,此时A向帐户内存了100元并提交了,银行接着又进行了一次查询,此时A帐户为300元了。银行两次查询不一致,可能就会很困惑,不知道哪次查询是准的。
不可重复读和脏读的区别是,脏读是读取前一事务未提交的脏数据,不可重复读是重新读取了前一事务已提交的数据。
很多人认为这种情况就对了,无须困惑,当然是后面的为准。我们可以考虑这样一种情况,比如银行程序需要将查询结果分别输出到电脑屏幕和写到文件中,结果在一个事务中针对输出的目的地,进行的两次查询不一致,导致文件和屏幕中的结果不一致,银行工作人员就不知道以哪个为准了。
3、虚读(幻读)
虚读(幻读)是指在一个事务内读取到了别的事务插入的数据,导致前后读取不一致。
如丙存款100元未提交,这时银行做报表统计account表中所有用户的总额为500元,然后丙提交了,这时银行再统计发现帐户为600元了,造成虚读同样会使银行不知所措,到底以哪个为准。
5.2、事务隔离性的设置语句
MySQL数据库共定义了四种隔离级别:
- Serializable(串行化):可避免脏读、不可重复读、虚读情况的发生。
- Repeatable read(可重复读):可避免脏读、不可重复读情况的发生。
- Read committed(读已提交):可避免脏读情况发生。
-
Read uncommitted(读未提交):最低级别,以上情况均无法保证。
mysql数据库查询当前事务隔离级别:
select @@tx_isolation
例如:
mysql数据库默认的事务隔离级别是:
Repeatable read
(可重复读)mysql数据库设置事务隔离级别:
set transaction isolation level
隔离级别名例如:
5.3、使用MySQL数据库演示不同隔离级别下的并发问题
同时打开两个窗口模拟2个用户并发访问数据库
1、当把事务的隔离级别设置为read uncommitted时,会引发脏读、不可重复读和虚读
A窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">isolation</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">level</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span> uncommitted;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--设置A用户的数据库隔离级别为Read uncommitted(读未提交)</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--开启事务</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--查询A账户中现有的钱,转到B窗口进行操作</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account--发现a多了<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span>元,这时候A读到了B未提交的数据(脏读)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>
B窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--开启事务</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">update</span> account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'A'</span>;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--不要提交,转到A窗口查询</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>
2、当把事务的隔离级别设置为read committed时,会引发不可重复读和虚读,但避免了脏读
A窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">isolation</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">level</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span> committed;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--发现a帐户是1000元,转到b窗口</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--发现a帐户多了100,这时候,a读到了别的事务提交的数据,两次读取a帐户读到的是不同的结果(不可重复读)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>
B窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">update</span> account <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> money=money+<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">where</span> name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'aaa'</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">commit</span>;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--转到a窗口</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
3、当把事务的隔离级别设置为repeatable read(mysql默认级别)时,会引发虚读,但避免了脏读、不可重复读
A窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">isolation</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">level</span> repeatable <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">read</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--发现表有4个记录,转到b窗口</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--可能发现表有5条记录,这时候发生了a读取到另外一个事务插入的数据(虚读)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>
B窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">into</span> account(name,money) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'ggg'</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1000</span>);</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">commit</span>;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--转到a窗口</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
4、当把事务的隔离级别设置为Serializable时,会避免所有问题
A窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">set</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">isolation</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">level</span> Serializable;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">select</span> * <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> account;</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--转到b窗口</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>
B窗口
<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">start</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">transaction</span>;</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">insert</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">into</span> account(name,money) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">values</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'ggg'</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1000</span>);</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--发现不能插入,只能等待a结束事务才能插入</span></code>