【面试】介绍一下平衡树及其时间复杂度（中英）

中文版

平衡树是一类自平衡的二叉搜索树（BST），通过在插入和删除节点时调整树的结构，确保树的高度保持在较低水平，从而保证高效的查找、插入和删除操作。常见的平衡树包括AVL树和红黑树。

常见平衡树类型：

1. AVL树：在AVL树中，任何节点的两个子树的高度差不超过1。当插入或删除节点时，如果违反了这个平衡条件，AVL树会通过旋转操作来恢复平衡。
2. 红黑树：红黑树是一种更松散的平衡树，它在树的每个节点上增加一个额外的颜色属性（红或黑），通过一系列规则确保树的平衡。红黑树的平衡性不如AVL树严格，但其插入和删除操作的调整次数更少，因此在实际应用中更加常用。

时间复杂度：

• 查找（Search）：平衡树的查找操作时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$，其中 $n$ 是树中节点的数量。由于树的高度被限制在 $O(\log n)$，所以查找操作非常高效。
• 插入（Insert）：插入操作的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$，因为需要找到正确的插入位置，并可能进行旋转操作以保持树的平衡。
• 删除（Delete）：删除操作的时间复杂度为 $O(\log n)$，同样因为需要找到删除节点，并可能进行旋转或调整以维持平衡。

English Version

Balanced Trees are a category of self-balancing binary search trees (BST) that maintain their height to be logarithmic with respect to the number of nodes, ensuring efficient search, insertion, and deletion operations. Common examples of balanced trees include AVL trees and Red-Black trees.

Common Types of Balanced Trees:

1. AVL Tree: In an AVL tree, the height difference between the left and right subtrees of any node is at most 1. When an insertion or deletion violates this balance condition, AVL trees perform rotations to restore balance.
2. Red-Black Tree: A Red-Black tree is a more relaxed balanced tree that assigns an additional color property (red or black) to each node and maintains balance through a set of rules. Red-Black trees are less strictly balanced than AVL trees but require fewer rotations during insertion and deletion, making them more commonly used in practice.

Time Complexity:

• Search: The time complexity for searching in a balanced tree is $O(\log n)$, where $n$ is the number of nodes in the tree. The height of the tree is constrained to $O(\log n)$, ensuring efficient search operations.
• Insert: The time complexity for insertion is $O(\log n)$ because it involves finding the correct insertion point and possibly performing rotations to maintain balance.
• Delete: The time complexity for deletion is $O(\log n)$ as it requires finding the node to delete and possibly performing rotations or adjustments to maintain balance.