理论+实操 ：华为NAT地址转换

于 2019-12-12 18:24:04 发布
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分类专栏： 华为 文章标签： 华为 nat地址转换的方式
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/Lfwthotpt/article/details/103502569
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前言：
nat地址转换可以让私有地址转换成公网地址，解决上网问题
华为的三层交换机内不可以配ip地址，需要配vlanif

在企业当中，数据流量业务比较多时，用好一点的路由器
多个私网地址对应外网口ip地址
需要设置acl规则，只允许某个网段通行，后面跟子网反掩码
接着到外网口宣告一下，acl的编号即可

网路地址转换

一： NAT概述

1.1 NAT的概念与实现方式

  • 地址转换出现的背景
  • NAT的工作原理
  • network address translation，网路地址转换
  • NAT实现方式
  • 静态转换（static translation）
  • 动态转换（Dynamic translation）
  • 端口多路复用（port address translation， PAT） easyip
    nat地址转换，识别的依据是端口的不同，不然数据返回不知道给谁

1.2 NAT的术语与转换表

在这里插入图片描述
NAT的转换条目
扩展转换条目

1.3 NAT实现方法的工作过程

  • 静态转换和动态转换
    在这里插入图片描述

1.4 NAT的特性

1.4.1 NAT的优点

  • 节省公有合法IP地址
  • 处理地址重叠
  • 增强灵活性
  • 安全性

1.4.2 NAT的缺点

  • 延迟增大
  • 配置和维护的复杂性
  • 不支持某些应用，可以通过静态NAT映射来避免

二：实操：

在这里插入图片描述

2.1 基本配置

LSW1

The device is running!
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysname LSW1
[LSW1]vlan bat 10 20 30 40
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[LSW1]int g 0/0/1
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l a
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p d v 10
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g 0/0/2 
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p l a
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p d v 20
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]int g 0/0/3
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]p l a
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]p d v 30
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]int g 0/0/4
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]p l a
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]p d v 30
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/4 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]int g 0/0/6
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/6]p l a
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/6]p d v 10
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/6]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/6 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/6]int g 0/0/5
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/5]p l a
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/5]p d v 40
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/5]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/5 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/5]q
[LSW1]dis vlan                                                        
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1    common  UT:GE0/0/7(D)      GE0/0/8(D)      GE0/0/9(D)      GE0/0/10(D)     
                GE0/0/11(D)     GE0/0/12(D)     GE0/0/13(D)     GE0/0/14(D)     
                GE0/0/15(D)     GE0/0/16(D)     GE0/0/17(D)     GE0/0/18(D)     
                GE0/0/19(D)     GE0/0/20(D)     GE0/0/21(D)     GE0/0/22(D)     
                GE0/0/23(D)     GE0/0/24(D)                                     

10   common  UT:GE0/0/1(U)      GE0/0/6(U)                                      

20   common  UT:GE0/0/2(U)                                            

30   common  UT:GE0/0/3(U)     GE0/0/4(U)                                                 

40   common  UT:GE0/0/5(U)                                                      
[LSW1]int vlanif 10
[LSW1-Vlanif10]ip add 192.168.10.1 24
[LSW1-Vlanif10]dis this
#
interface Vlanif10
 ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
#
return
[LSW1-Vlanif10]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif10 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-Vlanif10]int vlanif 20
[LSW1-Vlanif20]ip add 192.168.20.1 24
[LSW1-Vlanif20]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif20 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-Vlanif20]int vlanif 30
[LSW1-Vlanif30]ip add 192.168.30.1 24
[LSW1-Vlanif30]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif30 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-Vlanif30]int vlanif 40
[LSW1-Vlanif40]ip add 11.0.0.2 24
[LSW1-Vlanif40]un sh
Info: Interface Vlanif40 is not shutdown.
[LSW1-Vlanif40]q
[LSW1]dis interface b
Interface                   PHY   Protocol InUti OutUti   inErrors  outErrors
GigabitEthernet0/0/1        up    up          0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/2        up    up          0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/3        up    up          0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/4        up    up          0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/5        up    up          0%     0%          0          0
GigabitEthernet0/0/6        up    up          0%     0%          0          0
Vlanif10                    up    up          --     --          0          0
Vlanif20                    up    up          --     --          0          0
Vlanif30                    up    up          --     --          0          0
Vlanif40                    up    up          --     --          0          0
[LSW1]dis ip routing-table 
Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       11.0.0.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   11.0.0.2        Vlanif40
       11.0.0.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Vlanif40
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
   192.168.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.10.1    Vlanif10
   192.168.10.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Vlanif10
   192.168.20.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.20.1    Vlanif20
   192.168.20.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Vlanif20
   192.168.30.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.30.1    Vlanif30
   192.168.30.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       Vlanif30	
[LSW1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 11.0.0.1

R2配置

The device is running!
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysname R2
[R2]int g 0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.0.0.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g 0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 13.0.0.1 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]int LoopBack 0
[R2-LoopBack0]ip add 114.114.114.114 32
[R2-LoopBack0]q
[R2]dis ip routing-table 
Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       12.0.0.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   12.0.0.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       12.0.0.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
     12.0.0.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       13.0.0.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   13.0.0.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       13.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
     13.0.0.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
114.114.114.114/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       LoopBack0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R2]ip route-static 8.8.8.8 32 12.0.0.1

2.2 NAT router 配置，先配置第一种的静态nat转换，全局模式下配置，接口开启功能

The device is running!
<Huawei>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]un in en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysname NAT router
[NAT router]int g 0/0/0 
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 11.0.0.1 24
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 is not shutdown.
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g 0/0/1 
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 12.0.0.1 24
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]un sh
Info: Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 is not shutdown.
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q	
[NAT router]nat static global 8.8.8.8 inside 192.168.10.10
[NAT router]ip route-static 192.168.0.0 16 11.0.0.2
[NAT router]int g 0/0/1
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]nat static enable 
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[NAT router]ip route-static 114.114.114.114 32 12.0.0.2

测试192.168.10.10 去ping lo 0 114.114.114.114 ，在R2的g0/0/0处抓包
在这里插入图片描述

2.3 配置静态NAT的第二种配法，在接口内配置

[NAT router]nat static global 9.9.9.9 inside 192.168.20.10
[NAT router]int g 0/0/1
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]nat static global 9.9.9.9 inside 192.168.20.10
  Info: The NAT in the network has existed.
  Already existing configuration will be covered with current configure. [Y/N]: 
y
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]

R2配置回程路由

[R2]ip route-static 9.9.9.9 32 12.0.0.1

192.168.20.10 去ping 114.114.114.114
在这里插入图片描述

2.4 设置动态nat地址转换，即多对多的模式，

在全局模式下把两个网段（公网和私网）宣告，
私网是acl ，
公网是address-group ，
然后在公网接口 处宣告两者之间的关系

[NAT router]dis ip routing-table 
Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        8.8.8.8/32  Unr     64   0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
        9.9.9.9/32  Unr     64   0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
       11.0.0.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   11.0.0.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       11.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
     11.0.0.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       12.0.0.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   12.0.0.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       12.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
     12.0.0.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
114.114.114.114/32  Static  60   0          RD   12.0.0.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.0.0/16  Static  60   0          RD   11.0.0.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[NAT router]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 12.0.0.2
<NAT router>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[NAT router]nat address-group 1 212.0.0.100 212.0.0.200
[NAT router]acl 2000
[NAT router-acl-basic-2000]rule permit source 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255
[NAT router-acl-basic-2000]q
[NAT router]int g 0/0/1
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]nat outbound 2000 address-group 1 no-pat
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]

与此对应的，增加R2的回程路由

[R2]ip route-static 212.0.0.0 24 12.0.0.1

从抓包数据可以观察到，源ip一直在变
在这里插入图片描述

2.5 配置nat模式中多个私网地址对应一个公网地址

思路跟动态nat思路大致相同，
全局模式下宣告私网地址网段，acl，要注意的是这种nat命令跟动态nat命令的不同之处在有一个ip 字符
然后在公网接口处指定关系，因为没有指定的公网网段，不填
因为环境中pc没有富裕的，需要把之前的部分配置删掉，以免冲突

<NAT router>system-view 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[NAT router]acl 3000 
[NAT router-acl-adv-3000]rule permit ip source 192.168.30.0 0.0.0.255
[NAT router-acl-adv-3000]q
[NAT router]int g 0/0/1
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]nat outbound 3000
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]dis this
[V200R003C00]
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 12.0.0.1 255.255.255.0 
 nat static global 9.9.9.9 inside 192.168.20.10 netmask 255.255.255.255
 nat outbound 2000 address-group 1 no-pat
 nat outbound 3000
 nat static enable
#
return
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo  nat outbound 2000 address-group 1 no-pat
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]undo nat static global 9.9.9.9 inside 192.168.2
0.10 netmask 255.255.255.255
[NAT router-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[NAT router]

在这里插入图片描述

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