ORDER BY
:用于对结果进行排序。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC;
```
GROUP BY
:用于按指定列对结果进行分组。
SELECT column1, aggregate_function(column2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;
```
JOIN
:用于在多个表之间进行连接。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
```
LIKE
:用于在查询中进行模糊匹配。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE column1 LIKE '%keyword%';
```
COUNT
:用于计算行数或满足条件的行数
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
SUM
:用于计算数值列的总和。
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
AVG
:用于计算数值列的平均值。
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
DISTINCT
:用于从结果集中去除重复的行。
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
```
MAX
:用于获取数值列的最大值。
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
```
MIN
:用于获取数值列的最小值。
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
```
BETWEEN
:用于指定一个范围的条件。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE column1 BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
```
IN
:用于指定多个可能值的条件。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE column1 IN (value1, value2, value3);
```
NOT
:用于否定条件。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE NOT condition;
```
NULL
:用于检查空值。
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE column1 IS NULL;
```
COALESCE
:用于返回第一个非空值。
SELECT COALESCE(column1, column2, 'Default') FROM table_name;
```
CASE
:用于条件逻辑。
SELECT column1,
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
ELSE result3
END
AS new_column
FROM table_name;
```
HAVING
:用于对分组后的结果进行筛选。
SELECT column1, COUNT(column2)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column1
HAVING COUNT(column2) > 10;
EXISTS
:用于检查子查询是否返回结果。
SELECT column1 FROM table_name WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM another_table WHERE condition);
UNION
:用于合并多个查询结果集。
SELECT column1 FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column1 FROM table2;