设计模式之——观察者模式

一、基本定义    

  观察者模式是对象的行为模式，又叫发布-订阅(Publish/Subscribe)模式、模型-视图(Model/View)模式、源-监听器(Source/Listener)模式或从属者(Dependents)模式。

　　观察者模式定义了一种一对多的依赖关系，让多个观察者对象同时监听某一个主题对象。这个主题对象在状态上发生变化时，会通知所有观察者对象，使它们能够自动更新自己。

 二、基本结构

UML图

观察者模式所涉及的角色有：

　　●　　抽象主题(Subject)角色：抽象主题角色把所有对观察者对象的引用保存在一个聚集（比如ArrayList对象）里，每个主题都可以有任何数量的观察者。抽象主题提供一个接口，可以增加和删除观察者对象，抽象主题角色又叫做抽象被观察者(Observable)角色。

　　●　　具体主题(ConcreteSubject)角色：将有关状态存入具体观察者对象；在具体主题的内部状态改变时，给所有登记过的观察者发出通知。具体主题角色又叫做具体被观察者(Concrete Observable)角色。

　　●　　抽象观察者(Watcher)角色：为所有的具体观察者定义一个接口，在得到主题的通知时更新自己，这个接口叫做更新接口。

　　●　　具体观察者(ConcreteObserver)角色：存储与主题的状态自恰的状态。具体观察者角色实现抽象观察者角色所要求的更新接口，以便使本身的状态与主题的状态 像协调。如果需要，具体观察者角色可以保持一个指向具体主题对象的引用。

示例代码：

publi class Subject {

    addWatcher(Watcher watcher);

    removeWatcher(Watcher watcher);

    notifyWatcher();
}

public class Watcher {

    changeData();

}
/**
 * Created by sdlili on 16-10-10.
 * 把所有对观察者对戏的引用保存在一个聚集里，每一个主题都可以有多个观察者。
 */
public class ConcreteSubject implements Subject {

    private List<Watcher> watcherList = new ArrayList<>();

    @Override
    public void addWatcher(Watcher watcher) {
        watcherList.add(watcher);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeWatcher(Watcher watcher) {
        watcherList.remove(watcher);
    }

    @Override
    public void notifyWatcher() {
        for(Watcher watcher:watcherList){
            watcher.changeData();
        }

    }
}</span>
/**
 * Created by sdlili on 16-10-10.
 */
public class ConcreteWatcher implements Watcher {

    public void changeData(){
        System.out.print("数据发生变化，这边收到通知，可以进行相应的操作！");
    }
}



三、小结

     优点：

　　　　观察者模式解除了主题和具体观察者的耦合，让耦合的双方都依赖于抽象，而不是依赖具体。从而使得各自的变化都不会     影响另一边的变化。

 缺点：

       依赖关系并未完全解除，抽象通知者依旧依赖抽象的观察者。

四、java中的观察者

       jdk中的util包中提供了Observabel、Observer两个类：

  Observal相当于Subject,源码：

public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;
    private Vector<Observer> obs;

    /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */

    public Observable() {
        obs = new Vector<>();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
     * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
     * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
     * observers is not specified. See the class comment.
     *
     * @param   o   an observer to be added.
     * @throws NullPointerException   if the parameter o is null.
     */
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!obs.contains(o)) {
            obs.addElement(o);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
     * Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
     * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
     * indicate that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
     * words, this method is equivalent to:
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers() {
        notifyObservers(null);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
     * that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   arg   any object.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
        /*
         * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
         * current Observers.
         */
        Object[] arrLocal;

        synchronized (this) {
            /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
             * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
             * The code where we extract each Observable from
             * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
             * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
             * does not (should not).  The worst result of any
             * potential race-condition here is that:
             * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
             *   notification in progress
             * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
             *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
             */
            if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }

        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }

    /**
     * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
        obs.removeAllElements();
    }

    /**
     * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
     * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
     */
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
        changed = true;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
     * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
     * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
     * This method is called automatically by the
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
     */
    protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
        changed = false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this object has changed.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
     *          method has been called more recently than the
     *          <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#setChanged()
     */
    public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
        return changed;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
     *
     * @return  the number of observers of this object.
     */
    public synchronized int countObservers() {
        return obs.size();
    }
}

observer相当于watcher，源码：

public class Observer {
    update(Observable o, Object arg);
}
补充：

 1、Zookeeper 从设计模式角度来看，是一个基于观察者模式设计的分布 式服务管理框架，它负责存储和管理大家都关心的数据，然后接受观察者的注册，

一旦这些数据的状态发生变化，Zookeeper 就将负责通知已经在 Zookeeper 上注册的那些观察者做出相应的反应，从而实现集群中类似 Master/Slave 管理模式，

可参考Zookeeper配置管理

2、Java中的event事件也是观察者模式

 参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/chenssy/archive/2013/05/22/3092071.html

     http://www.cnblogs.com/java-my-life/archive/2012/05/16/2502279.html