墨客科普 | MOAC BlockChain SafeMath库

在编写智能合约的时候需要注意的一个主要的安全特性：防止溢出和下溢。为了防止这些情况，OpenZeppelin建立了一个叫做SafeMath的库(library)，默认情况下可以防止这些问题。

 

什么是溢出（overflow）

假设我们有一个uint8, 只能存储8 bit数据。这意味着我们能存储的最大数字就是二进制11111111(或者说十进制的2^8-1 =255).

来看看下面的代码。最后 number 将会是什么值？

 

 

在这个例子中，我们导致了溢出---虽然我们加了1，但是number出乎意料地等于0了。

下溢(underflow)也类似，如果你从一个等于0的uint8减去1, 它将变成255 (因为uint是无符号的，其不能等于负数)。

 

分析 SafeMath源码

 

1.加法，仅限内部调用，返回 uint256

require(c>=a && c>=b); //验证结果： 两个正数相加，和一定大于每个加数

 

 

2.减法，仅限内部调用，返回 uint256

require(b <= a) 因为返回值需要是 正数，所以此处判断 b必须小于等于a

 

 

 

3.乘法，仅限内部调用，返回 uint256

uint256 c = a * b; 容易溢出，比如 a=2,b=2^255 乘积 2^256 刚好溢出。结果取后面的256位(全为0)，导致 c=0。

所以使用 （a == 0 || c / a == b），验证结果的一致性。

 

 

 

4.除法，仅限内部调用，返回 uint256

require(b > 0), 确保被除数不能为0

require(a == b * c + a % b);防止溢出，验证结果的一致性

 

 

 

总结：

不要直接使用简单的 "+-*/" ，尽量使用 library SafeMath 中的函数，避免整数溢出的隐患。

 

 

 

附：完整源码

pragma solidity ^0.4.24;

 

library SafeMath {

    /**

     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, reverting on

     * overflow.

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `+` operator.

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - Addition cannot overflow.

     */

    function safeAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        uint256 c = a + b;

        require(c >= a, "SafeMath: addition overflow");

        return c;

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting on

     * overflow (when the result is negative).

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.

     */

    function safeSub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        return safeSub(a, b, "SafeMath: subtraction overflow");

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, reverting with custom message on

     * overflow (when the result is negative).

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `-` operator.

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - Subtraction cannot overflow.

     *

     * NOTE: This is a feature of the next version of OpenZeppelin Contracts.

     * @dev Get it via `npm install @openzeppelin/contracts@next`.

     */

    function safeSub(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        require(b <= a, errorMessage);

        uint256 c = a - b;

        return c;

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, reverting on

     * overflow.

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `*` operator.

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - Multiplication cannot overflow.

     */

    function safeMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the

        // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.

        if (a == 0) {

            return 0;

        }

        uint256 c = a * b;

        require(c / a == b, "SafeMath: multiplication overflow");

        return c;

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts on

     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a

     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity

     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - The divisor cannot be zero.

     */

    function safeDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        return safeDiv(a, b, "SafeMath: division by zero");

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the integer division of two unsigned integers. Reverts with custom message on

     * division by zero. The result is rounded towards zero.

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `/` operator. Note: this function uses a

     * `revert` opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity

     * uses an invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - The divisor cannot be zero.

     * NOTE: This is a feature of the next version of OpenZeppelin Contracts.

     * @dev Get it via `npm install @openzeppelin/contracts@next`.

     */

    function safeDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0

        require(b > 0, errorMessage);

        uint256 c = a / b;

        return c;

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),

     * Reverts when dividing by zero.

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`

     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an

     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - The divisor cannot be zero.

     */

    function safeMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        return safeMod(a, b, "SafeMath: modulo by zero");

    }

 

    /**

     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers. (unsigned integer modulo),

     * Reverts with custom message when dividing by zero.

     *

     * Counterpart to Solidity's `%` operator. This function uses a `revert`

     * opcode (which leaves remaining gas untouched) while Solidity uses an

     * invalid opcode to revert (consuming all remaining gas).

     *

     * Requirements:

     * - The divisor cannot be zero.

     *

     * NOTE: This is a feature of the next version of OpenZeppelin Contracts.

     * @dev Get it via `npm install @openzeppelin/contracts@next`.

     */

    function safeMod(uint256 a, uint256 b, string memory errorMessage) internal pure returns (uint256) {

        require(b != 0, errorMessage);

        return a % b;

    }

   }