| 导读 | Nginx作为反向代理服务器被广泛使用在各大互联网企业。它简单易用，可以根据业务的需求将其不同的业务类型代理至不同的服务器，将整个站点请求压力按类型分摊到不同的服务器。该方式使的整个站点请求性能得以极大的提升。本文简要描述了Nginx几种不同情形的代理演示，供大家参考。 |
一、反向代理及演示环境描述
1、反向代理
在计算机网络中，反向代理是一种代理服务器，代表客户端从一个或多个服务器检索资源。然后将这些资源返回给客户机，就像它们源自Web服务器本身一样。与正向代理相反，正向代理是与其关联的客户端联系任何服务器的中介，反向代理是任何客户端与其关联的服务器进行联系的中介。
有关正向代理可参考：基于CentOS 7配置Nginx正向代理
2、本演示中的几个服务器
二、常规反向代理配置
1、后端服务器配置(Apache)
后端Apache服务器主机名及IP
# hostname centos7-web.example.com # more /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core) # ip addr|grep inet|grep global inet 172.24.8.128/24 brd 172.24.8.255 scope global eno16777728 # systemctl start httpd.service # echo "This is a httpd test page.">/var/www/html/index.html # curl http://localhost This is a httpd test page.
2、前端Nginx反向代理服务器配置
前端Nginx服务器主机名及IP
# hostname centos7-router # more /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core) # ip addr |grep inet|grep global inet 172.24.8.254/24 brd 172.24.8.255 scope global eno16777728 inet 192.168.1.175/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic eno33554960
Nginx版本
# nginx -V nginx version: nginx/1.10.2
添加一个新的配置文件用作反向代理
# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128; ###反向代理核心指令
proxy_buffers 256 4k;
proxy_max_temp_file_size 0;
proxy_connect_timeout 30;
proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
proxy_cache_valid 301 1h;
proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
}
}
# systemctl reload nginx
# ss -nltp|grep nginx|grep 8090
LISTEN 0 128 *:8090 *:* users:(("nginx",pid=78023,fd=8),("nginx",pid=78021,fd=8))
# curl http://localhost:8090 ##基于本地测试
This is a httpd test page.
查看Apache服务器日志
# more /var/log/httpd/access_log ##请求IP地址为172.24.8.254，当从其他机器请求时也是172.24.8.254这个IP 172.24.8.254 - - [30/Oct/2017:14:02:38 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 27 "-" "curl/7.29.0"
3、反向代理服务器及后端服务器日志格式设置
为Nginx服务器添加proxy_set_header指令，修改后如下
# grep proxy_set_header -B2 /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
location / {
proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
# systemctl reload nginx.service
后端服务器Apache日志格式设置
# vim /etc/http/conf/httpd.conf
# LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined #注释此行，添加下一行
LogFormat "%{X-Real-IP}i %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined #关键描述 {X-Real-IP}i
# ip addr|grep inet|grep global #从1.132主机访问
inet 192.168.1.244/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
# curl http://192.168.1.175:8090 #从1.244主机访问
This is a httpd test page
#再次查看apache访问日志，如下，不再是代理服务器IP地址，此时显示为1.244
192.168.1.244 - - [30/Oct/2017:15:49:07 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 27 "-" "curl/7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
libcurl/7.19.7 NSS/3.14.0.0 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.4.2"
二、基于目录匹配反向代理
后端服务器采用Nginx的配置
# more /etc/redhat-release ##os平台及ip地址
CentOS release 6.7 (Final)
# ip addr|grep eth0|grep global
inet 192.168.1.132/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
# nginx -v ##nginx版本
nginx version: nginx/1.10.2
# mkdir -pv /usr/share/nginx/html/images ##创建图片目录
mkdir: created directory `/usr/share/nginx/html/images'
# cp /usr/share/backgrounds/nature/*.jpg /usr/share/nginx/html/images/. ##复制图片文件
# cp /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf.bk
# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf ##此处直接修改缺省配置文件
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
}
location /images {
alias /usr/share/nginx/html/images; ##此处配置了别名
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
# /etc/init.d/nginx reload
Reloading nginx: [ OK ]
前端Nginx配置
# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
location /images { ##将images目录下的文件代理至192.168.1.132
proxy_pass http://192.168.1.132;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
}
# systemctl reload nginx
验证代理情况，在ip为192.168.1.244测试对images目录下的jpg文件请求
# ip addr|grep inet|grep global inet 192.168.1.244/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0 # curl -I http://192.168.1.175:8090/images/Garden.jpg HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.12.2 Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2017 01:48:18 GMT Content-Type: image/jpeg Content-Length: 264831 Connection: keep-alive Last-Modified: Mon, 30 Oct 2017 08:21:28 GMT ETag: "59f6e108-40a7f" Accept-Ranges: bytes
三、基于特定文件类型的反向代理配置
php服务器端配置(ip 192.168.1.132)
# ss -nltp|grep php
LISTEN 0 128 192.168.1.132:9000 *:* users:(("php-fpm",7147,8),("php-fpm",7148,0),("php-fpm",7149,0))
# mkdir -pv /data ###存放php代码
# echo "/data 192.168.1.0/24(rw)" >/etc/exports
# /etc/init.d/rpcbind start
# /etc/init.d/nfslock start
# /etc/init.d/nfs start
# echo "< ?php phpinfo();?>" > /data/index.php
Nginx代理端配置(ip 192.168.1.175)
# mkdir /data
# mount -t nfs 192.168.1.132:/data /data
# ls /data
index.php
# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
server {
listen 8090;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
location /images {
proxy_pass http://192.168.1.132;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
root /data;
fastcgi_pass 192.168.1.132:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
# systemctl restart nginx
测试反向代理至php
[root@ydq05 ~]# ip addr|grep inet|grep global inet 192.168.1.244/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0 [root@ydq05 ~]# curl -I http://192.168.1.175:8090/index.php HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.12.2 Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2017 03:22:59 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Connection: keep-alive X-Powered-By: PHP/5.6.0
四、基于upstream 配置反向代理至tomcat
Nginx upstream指令也可以将请求代理到后端服务器 如下示例，结合upstream指令演示将其代理到tomcat
# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/tomcat.conf
upstream app {
server localhost:8080;
keepalive 32;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header x-for $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header x-server $host;
proxy_set_header x-agent $http_user_agent;
proxy_pass http://app;
}
}
[root@node132 conf.d]# ss -nltp|grep java
LISTEN 0 1 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* users:(("java",39559,45))
LISTEN 0 100 :::8009 :::* users:(("java",39559,43))
LISTEN 0 100 :::8080 :::* users:(("java",39559,42))
tomcat版本
[root@node132 conf.d]# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh version
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat
....
Server version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.69
Server built: Apr 11 2016 07:57:09 UTC
Server number: 7.0.69.0
OS Name: Linux
OS Version: 2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64
Architecture: amd64
JVM Version: 1.7.0_79-b15
JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
验证结果
# curl http://localhost
< !DOCTYPE html>
......
五、proxy模块指令描述
proxy模块的可用配置指令非常多，它们分别用于定义proxy模块工作时的诸多属性，如连接超时时长、代理时使用http协议版本等。下面对常用的指令做一个简单说明。
-
- proxy_connect_timeout nginx将一个请求发送至upstream server之前等待的最大时长；
-
- proxy_cookie_domain 将upstream server通过Set-Cookie首部设定的domain属性修改为指定的值，其值可以为一个字符串、正则表达式的模式或一个引用的变量；
-
- proxy_cookie_path 将upstream server通过Set-Cookie首部设定的path属性修改为指定的值，其值可以为一个字符串、正则表达式的模式或一个引用的变量；
-
- proxy_hide_header 设定发送给客户端的报文中需要隐藏的首部；
-
- proxy_pass 指定将请求代理至upstream server的URL路径；
-
- proxy_set_header 将发送至upsream server的报文的某首部进行重写；
-
- proxy_redirect 重写location并刷新从upstream server收到的报文的首部；
-
- proxy_send_timeout 在连接断开之前两次发送至upstream server的写操作的最大间隔时长；
- proxy_read_timeout 在连接断开之前两次从接收upstream server接收读操作的最大间隔时长；
如下面的一个示例：
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
client_max_body_size 10m;
client_body_buffer_size 128k;
proxy_connect_timeout 30;
proxy_send_timeout 15;
proxy_read_timeout 15;
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