Python学习笔记 4

1. 学习笔记

1.1 python 三元运算符： x= a if a >b else b

1.2 python 列表组合 zip(lst1,lst2)

注意，在python3中关于zip有以下解释：

zip Found at: builtins
zip(iter1 [,iter2 [...]]) --> zip object

    Return a zip object whose .__next__() method returns a tuple where
    the i-th element comes from the i-th iterable argument.  The .__next__()
    method continues until the shortest iterable in the argument sequence
    is exhausted and then it raises StopIteration.

1.3 python 迭代 for i,j in enumerate(lst):

lst=['a','b','c','d','e']
for i,j in enumerate(lst):
    print(i,j)

运行结果：

1.4 Python数据类型转换
以下几个内置的函数可以执行数据类型之间的转换。这些函数返回一个新的对象，表示转换的值。

1.5 python 查看变量的数据类型:

>>> n=1
>>> type(n)
<type 'int'>
>>> n="runoob"
>>> type(n)
<type 'str'>
>>> 

此外还可以用 isinstance 来判断：
isinstance(…)

isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool
#传入的参数包含一个对象，类/类型/元组，返回的结果为一个bool值
Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof.
With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type.
The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for
isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.).
a = 111
isinstance(a, int)
True

isinstance 和 type 的区别在于：

>>> class A:
...     pass
... 
>>> class B(A):
...     pass
... 
>>> isinstance(A(), A)
True
>>> type(A()) == A
False
>>> isinstance(B(), A)
True
>>> type(B()) == A 
False

区别就是:

type()不会认为子类是一种父类类型。
isinstance()会认为子类是一种父类类型。

注意：

不可变的数据类型：字符串、元组
可变的数据类型：列表

1.6 python内建函数（BIF）

min,max,sum,zip,abs
int,float,str,list,tuple,bool

函数实质上是一个变量;，可以将函数赋值给变量然后通过变量来调用

In [9]: l
Out[9]: [1, 2, 3, 4]

In [10]: maxlist=max

In [11]: maxlist(l)
Out[11]: 4

1.7 python 函数定义以及基本用法：
函数的定义：

def 函数名([形式参数]):
    函数体         # 函数要执行的程序
    return 返回值  # 如果没有return返回，默认返回值为None；

调用：

函数名([实参])

注意:有返回值 的函数，必须print（fun()）,可以打印出返回值;

函数的返回值

• 在函数中，一旦遇到return关键字，函数就执行结束;
• 函数返回值只能返回一个，如果想间接返回多个值，返回值实际是一个元组;

函数的参数传值

必选参数:形参与实参的个数必须相同，否则直接报错;
默认参数:在定义函数时，给形参一个默认值;
可变参数:传入的参数个数是可变的，可以是1-n个，也可以是0个;一般实参中用*args来表示可变参数;
    args接收的是一个元组(tuple)，例如以下：

def func(*arg):
    print len(arg)
    for i in arg:
        print i
func(1,2,3,4)

1.8 python 字典
字典的特性

• 字典是可变数据类型;可使用len(d)内置函数，计算字典的长度;
• 字典是无序的，与序列(str,list,tuple)不同的是，不支持索引，切片，连接与重复。只能通过key值获取对应的value值;
• 字典支持异构，支持嵌套；

python字典的一些方法：

dict.clear  （清空字典）
dict.get（查询是否存在某个key） 
dict.iteritems   
dict.keys        
dict.setdefault  dict.viewitems   
dict.copy （拷贝字典，id会改变）  
dict.has_key     
dict.iterkeys   
dict.pop （根据key删除值）      
dict.update   （更新字典，往字典里添加元素）  
dict.viewkeys    
dict.fromkeys   
dict.items      
dict.itervalues 
dict.popitem （随机删除）  
dict.values     
dict.viewvalues
del(dict['key'])（删除指定的key）  
del(dict)（删除字典）

字典的修改
dict[‘key’]=’value’

In [52]: lst=['ha','hi','he','halo']

In [53]: dict = dict.fromkeys(lst)

In [54]: dict
Out[54]: {'ha': None, 'halo': None, 'he': None, 'hi': None}

In [55]: dict = dict.fromkeys(lst,100)

In [56]: dict
Out[56]: {'ha': 100, 'halo': 100, 'he': 100, 'hi': 100}
In [57]: 

字典支持异构，嵌套
d = {

"172.25.254.1":
    {
    "user":"root",
    "password":"westos",
    "command":"hostname"
    },
"172.25.254.2":
    {
    "user":"westos",
    "password":"westos1",
    "command":"hostname"
    }

}

2. 编程练习：

2.1 实现一个简单的用户管理系统，有用户的注册、登录、退出、注销、查看，并且设置一定的用户权限。

示例代码如下：

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
'''
file:userLogin.py
date:8/29/17 4:52 PM
author:lockey
email:lockey@123.com
desc:

'''

def userManage():
    welcome="""
        Welcome to user manage system

                    menu

             (A|a) :Add a user
             (D|d) :Delete a user
             (V|v) :View user information
             (I|i) :Login
             (O|o) :Logout 
             (Q|q) :Quit
    """
    print welcome
    goon = True
    userLogin = False
    userName = ''
    userDict={}#'admin':{'password':'admin','level':'admin'}}
    userAttempt = 0
    faileUser =''
    while goon:
        userInput = raw_input('Please input your operation: ')
        if userInput in 'aA':
            username = raw_input('Please input username: ')
            if userDict.get(username):
                print 'User {} exist!'.format(username)
                continue
            password = raw_input('Please input password: ')
            userinfo={}
            userinfo.setdefault('password',password)
            if username == 'admin':
                userinfo.setdefault('level', 'admin')
            else:
                userinfo.setdefault('level', 'user')
            userDict.setdefault(username,userinfo)
        elif userInput in 'dD':
            username = raw_input('Please input username: ')
            if userDict.get(username) and userDict[username]['level'] != 'admin':
                userDict.pop(username)
            else:
                print 'User not exist or can not be deleted(admin)!'
        elif userInput in 'vV':
            if userLogin == True and userDict[userName]['level'] == 'admin':
                print userDict
            else:
                print 'Only logged user with level admin can view!'
        elif userInput in 'iI':
            if userName != '':
                print 'User {} is still logged in, please logout first!'.format(userName)
                continue
            username = raw_input('Please input username: ')
            if userAttempt >= 3 and username == faileUser:
                print 'User {} has tried 3 times, please login later!'.format(userName)
                continue
            if not userDict.get(username):
                print 'Username not exist!'
                continue
            password = raw_input('Please input password: ')
            if password == userDict[username]['password']:
                print 'Login Success!'
                userAttempt = 0
                userLogin = True
                userName = username
            else:
                userAttempt += 1
                faileUser = username
                print 'Username or password not correct!'
        elif userInput in 'oO':
            print 'User {} logged out!'.format(userName)
            userLogin = False
            userName = ''
        elif userInput in 'qQ':
            goon = False
        else:
            print 'Unknown opetion, try again!'
    print 'System exited!'
userManage()

运行结果：

/usr/bin/python2.7 /root/PycharmProjects/python-lockey/userLogin.py

        Welcome to user manage system

                    menu

             (A|a) :Add a user
             (D|d) :Delete a user
             (V|v) :View user information
             (I|i) :Login
             (O|o) :Logout 
             (Q|q) :Quit

Please input your operation: a
Please input username: admin
Please input password: admin
Please input your operation: v
Only logged user with level admin can view!
Please input your operation: i
Please input username: admin
Please input password: admin
Login Success!
Please input your operation: v
{'admin': {'password': 'admin', 'level': 'admin'}}
Please input your operation: d
Please input username: admin
User not exist or can not be deleted(admin)!
Please input your operation: a
Please input username: halo
Please input password: halo
Please input your operation: v
{'admin': {'password': 'admin', 'level': 'admin'}, 'halo': {'password': 'halo', 'level': 'user'}}
Please input your operation: d
Please input username: halo
Please input your operation: v
{'admin': {'password': 'admin', 'level': 'admin'}}
Please input your operation: o
User admin logged out!
Please input your operation: i
Please input username: halo
Username not exist!
Please input your operation: q
System exited!

Process finished with exit code 0