【python入门】格式化输出

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Python提供了多种格式化输出字符串的方法，以下是一些常见的格式化技术及其代码示例：

1. 百分号（%）格式化

这是Python中最早提供的字符串格式化方法之一。

# 输出变量
name = "Alice"
age = 30
greeting = "Hello, %s! You are %d years old." % (name, age)
print(greeting)  # 输出: Hello, Alice! You are 30 years old.

% 格式化的高级用法

% 格式化也支持更复杂的格式化选项，比如指定宽度、精度等。

# 指定宽度和精度
number = 3.1415926
formatted_number = "The value of pi is %10.3f" % number
print(formatted_number)  # 输出: The value of pi is     3.142

# 左对齐
formatted_number = "The value of pi is %10.3f" % -number
print(formatted_number)  # 输出: The value of pi is -   3.142

2. str.format() 方法

str.format()方法提供了一种灵活的方式来格式化字符串，可以在字符串中使用花括号{}作为占位符。

#输入变量
name = "Bob"
age = 25
greeting = "Hello, {}! You are {} years old.".format(name, age)
print(greeting)  # 输出: Hello, Bob! You are 25 years old.

# 也可以使用索引
greeting = "Hello, {0}! You are {1} years old.".format(name, age)
print(greeting)

# 或者使用关键字
greeting = "Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.".format(name=name, age=age)
print(greeting)

str.format() 的高级用法

str.format() 方法同样支持复杂的格式化，包括填充、对齐、宽度和精度。

# 使用字典进行格式化
data = {'name': "Dave", 'age': 32}
greeting = "Hello, {name}! You are {age:2d} years old.".format(**data)
print(greeting)  # 输出: Hello, Dave! You are 32 years old.

# 填充和对齐
number = 500
formatted_number = "The number is {:05d}".format(number)
print(formatted_number)  # 输出: The number is 00500

# 宽度和精度
formatted_number = "The value of pi is {:.2f}".format(3.1415926)
print(formatted_number)  # 输出: The value of pi is 3.14

3. f-string（格式化字符串字面值）

Python 3.6+ 引入了f-string，提供了一种非常简洁和易读的方式来格式化字符串。

# 输出变量
name = "Charlie"
age = 28
greeting = f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old."
print(greeting)  # 输出: Hello, Charlie! You are 28 years old.

# 直接在花括号内进行表达式计算
score = 88
grade = 'A' if score >= 90 else 'B'
result = f"Your score is {score}, and you get a grade of {grade}."
print(result)  # 输出: Your score is 88, and you get a grade of B.

# 输出字符串后在结尾添加制表符/t
print("Hello", end="\t")
print("World")
# 打印：Hello    World

4. format() 内置函数

任何数值或对象都有一个format()方法，可以用来格式化它们。

# 控制小数点后位数
number = 12345.6789
formatted_number = "{:,.2f}".format(number)
print(formatted_number)  # 输出: 12,345.68

5. 模板字符串（string.Template）

Python的string模块提供了模板字符串功能，它允许你在字符串中使用${}来插入变量。

# 输入变量
from string import Template

template = Template('Hello, $name! You are $age years old.')
formatted_string = template.substitute(name="Eve", age=35)
print(formatted_string)  # 输出: Hello, Eve! You are 35 years old.

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