lab5：深入理解进程切换

在linux中进程切换的核心函数是context_switch()定义在kernel/sched/core.c#L2711, 如下所示

/*
 * context_switch - switch to the new MM and the new thread's register state.
 */
static __always_inline struct rq *
context_switch(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev,
           struct task_struct *next)
{
    struct mm_struct *mm, *oldmm;

    /*  完成进程切换的准备工作  */
    prepare_task_switch(rq, prev, next);

    mm = next->mm;
    oldmm = prev->active_mm;
    /*
     * For paravirt, this is coupled with an exit in switch_to to
     * combine the page table reload and the switch backend into
     * one hypercall.
     */
    arch_start_context_switch(prev);

    /*  如果next是内核线程，则线程使用prev所使用的地址空间
     *  schedule( )函数把该线程设置为懒惰TLB模式
     *  内核线程并不拥有自己的页表集(task_struct->mm = NULL)
     *  它使用一个普通进程的页表集
     *  不过，没有必要使一个用户态线性地址对应的TLB表项无效
     *  因为内核线程不访问用户态地址空间。
    */
    if (!mm)        /*  内核线程无虚拟地址空间, mm = NULL*/
    {
        /*  内核线程的active_mm为上一个进程的mm
         *  注意此时如果prev也是内核线程,
         *  则oldmm为NULL, 即next->active_mm也为NULL  */
        next->active_mm = oldmm;
        /*  增加mm的引用计数  */
        atomic_inc(&oldmm->mm_count);
        /*  通知底层体系结构不需要切换虚拟地址空间的用户部分
         *  这种加速上下文切换的技术称为惰性TBL  */
        enter_lazy_tlb(oldmm, next);
    }
    else            /*  不是内核线程, 则需要切切换虚拟地址空间  */
        switch_mm(oldmm, mm, next);

    /*  如果prev是内核线程或正在退出的进程
     *  就重新设置prev->active_mm
     *  然后把指向prev内存描述符的指针保存到运行队列的prev_mm字段中
     */
    if (!prev->mm)
    {
        /*  将prev的active_mm赋值和为空  */
        prev->active_mm = NULL;
        /*  更新运行队列的prev_mm成员  */
        rq->prev_mm = oldmm;
    }
    /*
     * Since the runqueue lock will be released by the next
     * task (which is an invalid locking op but in the case
     * of the scheduler it's an obvious special-case), so we
     * do an early lockdep release here:
     */
    lockdep_unpin_lock(&rq->lock);
    spin_release(&rq->lock.dep_map, 1, _THIS_IP_);

    /* Here we just switch the register state and the stack. 
     * 切换进程的执行环境, 包括堆栈和寄存器
     * 同时返回上一个执行的程序
     * 相当于prev = witch_to(prev, next)  */
    switch_to(prev, next, prev);

    /*  switch_to之后的代码只有在
     *  当前进程再次被选择运行(恢复执行)时才会运行
     *  而此时当前进程恢复执行时的上一个进程可能跟参数传入时的prev不同
     *  甚至可能是系统中任意一个随机的进程
     *  因此switch_to通过第三个参数将此进程返回
     */


    /*  路障同步, 一般用编译器指令实现
     *  确保了switch_to和finish_task_switch的执行顺序
     *  不会因为任何可能的优化而改变  */
    barrier();  

    /*  进程切换之后的处理工作  */
    return finish_task_switch(prev);
}

可把context_switch()函数分成5个部分:
1.prepare_task_switch()
在进程切换之前, 首先执行调用每个体系结构都必须定义的prepare_task_switch挂钩, 这使得内核执行特定于体系结构的代码, 为切换做事先准备该函数定义在kernel/sched/core.c, line 2558, 如下所示:

/**
 * prepare_task_switch - prepare to switch tasks
 * @rq: the runqueue preparing to switch
 * @prev: the current task that is being switched out
 * @next: the task we are going to switch to.
 *
 * This is called with the rq lock held and interrupts off. It must
 * be paired with a subsequent finish_task_switch after the context
 * switch.
 *
 * prepare_task_switch sets up locking and calls architecture specific
 * hooks.
 */
static inline void
prepare_task_switch(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *prev,
            struct task_struct *next)
{
    sched_info_switch(rq, prev, next);
    perf_event_task_sched_out(prev, next);
    fire_sched_out_preempt_notifiers(prev, next);
    prepare_lock_switch(rq, next);
    prepare_arch_switch(next);
}

2.switch_mm()
切换全局页目录以安装一个新的地址空间

3.switch_to()
执行环境的切换是在switch_to()中完成的, switch_to完成最终的进程切换，它保存原进程的所有寄存器信息，恢复新进程的所有寄存器信息，并执行新的进程, 以x86_32位下的switch_to函数为例, 其定义在arch/x86/include/asm/switch_to.h, line 27

/*
 * Saving eflags is important. It switches not only IOPL between tasks,
 * it also protects other tasks from NT leaking through sysenter etc.
 */
#define switch_to(prev, next, last)                                     \
do {                                                                    \
        /*                                                              \
         * Context-switching clobbers all registers, so we clobber      \
         * them explicitly, via unused output variables.                \
         * (EAX and EBP is not listed because EBP is saved/restored     \
         * explicitly for wchan access and EAX is the return value of   \
         * __switch_to())                                               \
         */                                                             \
        unsigned long ebx, ecx, edx, esi, edi;                          \
                                                                        \
        asm volatile("pushfl\n\t" /* save flags 保存就的ebp、和flags寄存器到旧进程的内核栈中*/   \
                     "pushl %%ebp\n\t"          /* save    EBP   */     \
                     "movl %%esp,%[prev_sp]\n\t"        /* save ESP  将旧进程esp保存到thread_info结构中 */ \
                     "movl %[next_sp],%%esp\n\t"        /* restore ESP 用新进程esp填写esp寄存器，此时内核栈已切换  */ \
                     "movl $1f,%[prev_ip]\n\t"  /* save EIP 将该进程恢复执行时的下条地址保存到旧进程的thread中*/     \
                     "pushl %[next_ip]\n\t"     /* restore EIP 将新进程的ip值压入到新进程的内核栈中 */     \
                     __switch_canary                                    \
                     "jmp __switch_to\n"        /* regparm call  */     \
                     "1:\t"                                             \
                     "popl %%ebp\n\t"           /* restore EBP 该进程执行，恢复ebp寄存器*/     \
                     "popfl\n"                  /* restore flags  恢复flags寄存器*/     \
                                                                        \
                     /* output parameters */                            \
                     : [prev_sp] "=m" (prev->thread.sp),                \
                       [prev_ip] "=m" (prev->thread.ip),                \
                       "=a" (last),                                     \
                                                                        \
                       /* clobbered output registers: */                \
                       "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx),              \
                       "=S" (esi), "=D" (edi)                           \
                                                                        \
                       __switch_canary_oparam                           \
                                                                        \
                       /* input parameters: */                          \
                     : [next_sp]  "m" (next->thread.sp),                \
                       [next_ip]  "m" (next->thread.ip),                \
                                                                        \
                       /* regparm parameters for __switch_to(): */      \
                       [prev]     "a" (prev),                           \
                       [next]     "d" (next)                            \
                                                                        \
                       __switch_canary_iparam                           \
                                                                        \
                     : /* reloaded segment registers */                 \
                        "memory");                                      \
} while (0)

先对flags寄存器和ebp压入旧进程内核栈，并将确定旧进程恢复执行的下一跳地址，并将旧进程ip，esp保存到task_struct->thread_info中，这样旧进程保存完毕；然后用新进程的thread_info->esp恢复新进程的内核堆栈，用thread->info的ip恢复新进程地址执行。

4.barrier()
为了程序编译后指令的执行顺序不会因为编译器的优化而改变, 因此内核提供了路障同步barrier来保证程序的执行顺序

5.finish_task_switch()
完成一些清理工作, 使得能够正确的释放锁