在开发Android应用程序时，少不了使用Log来监控和调试程序的执行。在上一篇文章Android日志系统驱动程序Logger源代码分析中，我们分析了驱动程序Logger的源代码，在前面的文章浅谈Android系统开发中Log的使用一文，我们也简单介绍在应用程序中使Log的方法，在这篇文章中，我们将详细介绍Android应用程序框架层和系统运行库存层日志系统的源代码，使得我们可以更好地理解Android的日志系统的实现。
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我们在Android应用程序，一般是调用应用程序框架层的Java接口（android.util.Log）来使用日志系统，这个Java接口通过JNI方法和系统运行库最终调用内核驱动程序Logger把Log写到内核空间中。按照这个调用过程，我们一步步介绍Android应用程序框架层日志系统的源代码。学习完这个过程之后，我们可以很好地理解Android系统的架构，即应用程序层（Application）的接口是如何一步一步地调用到内核空间的。
一. 应用程序框架层日志系统Java接口的实现。
在浅谈Android系统开发中Log的使用一文中，我们曾经介绍过Android应用程序框架层日志系统的源代码接口。这里，为了描述方便和文章的完整性，我们重新贴一下这部份的代码，在frameworks/base/core/java/android/util/Log.java文件中，实现日志系统的Java接口：
................................................
public final class Log {
................................................
/**
* Priority constant for the println method; use Log.v.
*/
public static final int VERBOSE = 2;
/**
* Priority constant for the println method; use Log.d.
*/
public static final int DEBUG = 3;
/**
* Priority constant for the println method; use Log.i.
*/
public static final int INFO = 4;
/**
* Priority constant for the println method; use Log.w.
*/
public static final int WARN = 5;
/**
* Priority constant for the println method; use Log.e.
*/
public static final int ERROR = 6;
/**
* Priority constant for the println method.
*/
public static final int ASSERT = 7;
.....................................................
public static int v(String tag, String msg) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, VERBOSE, tag, msg);
}
public static int v(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, VERBOSE, tag, msg + '\n' + getStackTraceString(tr));
}
public static int d(String tag, String msg) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, DEBUG, tag, msg);
}
public static int d(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, DEBUG, tag, msg + '\n' + getStackTraceString(tr));
}
public static int i(String tag, String msg) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, INFO, tag, msg);
}
public static int i(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, INFO, tag, msg + '\n' + getStackTraceString(tr));
}
public static int w(String tag, String msg) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, WARN, tag, msg);
}
public static int w(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, WARN, tag, msg + '\n' + getStackTraceString(tr));
}
public static int w(String tag, Throwable tr) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, WARN, tag, getStackTraceString(tr));
}
public static int e(String tag, String msg) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, ERROR, tag, msg);
}
public static int e(String tag, String msg, Throwable tr) {
return println_native(LOG_ID_MAIN, ERROR, tag, msg + '\n' + getStackTraceString(tr));
}
..................................................................
/** @hide */ public static native int LOG_ID_MAIN = 0;
/** @hide */ public static native int LOG_ID_RADIO = 1;
/** @hide */ public static native int LOG_ID_EVENTS = 2;
/** @hide */ public static native int LOG_ID_SYSTEM = 3;
/** @hide */ public static native int println_native(int bufID,
int priority, String tag, String msg);
}在整个Log接口中，最关键的地方声明了println_native本地方法，所有的Log接口都是通过调用这个本地方法来实现Log的定入。下面我们就继续分析这个本地方法println_native。
二. 应用程序框架层日志系统JNI方法的实现。
在frameworks/base/core/jni/android_util_Log.cpp文件中，实现JNI方法println_native：
/* //device/libs/android_runtime/android_util_Log.cpp
**
** Copyright 2006, The Android Open Source Project
**
** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
** You may obtain a copy of the License at
**
** http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
**
** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
** limitations under the License.
*/
#define LOG_NAMESPACE "log.tag."
#define LOG_TAG "Log_println"
#include <assert.h>
#include <cutils/properties.h>
#include <utils/Log.h>
#include <utils/String8.h>
#include "jni.h"
#include "utils/misc.h"
#include "android_runtime/AndroidRuntime.h"
#define MIN(a,b) ((a<b)?a:b)
namespace android {
struct levels_t {
jint verbose;
jint debug;
jint info;
jint warn;
jint error;
jint assert;
};
static levels_t levels;
static int toLevel(const char* value)
{
switch (value[0]) {
case 'V': return levels.verbose;
case 'D': return levels.debug;
case 'I': return levels.info;
case 'W': return levels.warn;
case 'E': return levels.error;
case 'A': return levels.assert;
case 'S': return -1; // SUPPRESS
}
return levels.info;
}
static jboolean android_util_Log_isLoggable(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, jstring tag, jint level)
{
#ifndef HAVE_ANDROID_OS
return false;
#else /* HAVE_ANDROID_OS */
int len;
char key[PROPERTY_KEY_MAX];
char buf[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
if (tag == NULL) {
return false;
}
jboolean result = false;
const char* chars = env->GetStringUTFChars(tag, NULL);
if ((strlen(chars)+sizeof(LOG_NAMESPACE)) > PROPERTY_KEY_MAX) {
jclass clazz = env->FindClass("java/lang/IllegalArgumentException");
char buf2[200];
snprintf(buf2, sizeof(buf2), "Log tag \"%s\" exceeds limit of %d characters\n",
chars, PROPERTY_KEY_MAX - sizeof(LOG_NAMESPACE));
// release the chars!
env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(tag, chars);
env->ThrowNew(clazz, buf2);
return false;
} else {
strncpy(key, LOG_NAMESPACE, sizeof(LOG_NAMESPACE)-1);
strcpy(key + sizeof(LOG_NAMESPACE) - 1, chars);
}
env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(tag, chars);
len = property_get(key, buf, "");
int logLevel = toLevel(buf);
return (logLevel >= 0 && level >= logLevel) ? true : false;
#endif /* HAVE_ANDROID_OS */
}
/*
* In class android.util.Log:
* public static native int println_native(int buffer, int priority, String tag, String msg)
*/
static jint android_util_Log_println_native(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz,
jint bufID, jint priority, jstring tagObj, jstring msgObj)
{
const char* tag = NULL;
const char* msg = NULL;
if (msgObj == NULL) {
jclass npeClazz;
npeClazz = env->FindClass("java/lang/NullPointerException");
assert(npeClazz != NULL);
env->ThrowNew(npeClazz, "println needs a message");
return -1;
}
if (bufID < 0 || bufID >= LOG_ID_MAX) {
jclass npeClazz;
npeClazz = env->FindClass("java/lang/NullPointerException");
assert(npeClazz != NULL);
env->ThrowNew(npeClazz, "bad bufID");
return -1;
}
if (tagObj != NULL)
tag = env->GetStringUTFChars(tagObj, NULL);
msg = env->GetStringUTFChars(msgObj, NULL);
int res = __android_log_buf_write(bufID, (android_LogPriority)priority, tag, msg);
if (tag != NULL)
env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(tagObj, tag);
env->ReleaseStringUTFChars(msgObj, msg);
return res;
}
/*
* JNI registration.
*/
static JNINativeMethod gMethods[] = {
/* name, signature, funcPtr */
{ "isLoggable", "(Ljava/lang/String;I)Z", (void*) android_util_Log_isLoggable },
{ "println_native", "(IILjava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/String;)I", (void*) android_util_Log_println_native },
};
int register_android_util_Log(JNIEnv* env)
{
jclass clazz = env->FindClass("android/util/Log");
if (clazz == NULL) {
LOGE("Can't find android/util/Log");
return -1;
}
levels.verbose = env->GetStaticIntField(clazz, env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, "VERBOSE", "I"));
levels.debug = env->GetStaticIntField(clazz, env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, "DEBUG", "I"));
levels.info = env->GetStaticIntField(clazz, env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, "INFO", "I"));
levels.warn = env->GetStaticIntField(clazz, env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, "WARN", "I"));
levels.error = env->GetStaticIntField(clazz, env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, "ERROR", "I"));
levels.assert = env->GetStaticIntField(clazz, env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, "ASSERT", "I"));
return AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods(env, "android/util/Log", gMethods, NELEM(gMethods));
}
}; // namespace android三. 系统运行库层日志系统的实现。
在系统运行库层liblog库的实现中，内容比较多，这里，我们只关注日志写入操作__android_log_buf_write的相关实现：
int __android_log_buf_write(int bufID, int prio, const char *tag, const char *msg)
{
struct iovec vec[3];
if (!tag)
tag = "";
/* XXX: This needs to go! */
if (!strcmp(tag, "HTC_RIL") ||
!strncmp(tag, "RIL", 3) || /* Any log tag with "RIL" as the prefix */
!strcmp(tag, "AT") ||
!strcmp(tag, "GSM") ||
!strcmp(tag, "STK") ||
!strcmp(tag, "CDMA") ||
!strcmp(tag, "PHONE") ||
!strcmp(tag, "SMS"))
bufID = LOG_ID_RADIO;
vec[0].iov_base = (unsigned char *) &prio;
vec[0].iov_len = 1;
vec[1].iov_base = (void *) tag;
vec[1].iov_len = strlen(tag) + 1;
vec[2].iov_base = (void *) msg;
vec[2].iov_len = strlen(msg) + 1;
return write_to_log(bufID, vec, 3);
}函数首先是检查传进来的tag参数是否是为HTC_RIL、RIL、AT、GSM、STK、CDMA、PHONE和SMS中的一个，如果是，就无条件地使用ID为LOG_ID_RADIO的日志缓冲区作为写入缓冲区，接着，把传进来的参数prio、tag和msg分别存放在一个向量数组中，调用write_to_log函数来进入下一步操作。write_to_log是一个函数指针，定义在文件开始的位置上：
static int __write_to_log_init(log_id_t, struct iovec *vec, size_t nr);
static int (*write_to_log)(log_id_t, struct iovec *vec, size_t nr) = __write_to_log_init;static int __write_to_log_init(log_id_t log_id, struct iovec *vec, size_t nr)
{
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREADS
pthread_mutex_lock(&log_init_lock);
#endif
if (write_to_log == __write_to_log_init) {
log_fds[LOG_ID_MAIN] = log_open("/dev/"LOGGER_LOG_MAIN, O_WRONLY);
log_fds[LOG_ID_RADIO] = log_open("/dev/"LOGGER_LOG_RADIO, O_WRONLY);
log_fds[LOG_ID_EVENTS] = log_open("/dev/"LOGGER_LOG_EVENTS, O_WRONLY);
log_fds[LOG_ID_SYSTEM] = log_open("/dev/"LOGGER_LOG_SYSTEM, O_WRONLY);
write_to_log = __write_to_log_kernel;
if (log_fds[LOG_ID_MAIN] < 0 || log_fds[LOG_ID_RADIO] < 0 ||
log_fds[LOG_ID_EVENTS] < 0) {
log_close(log_fds[LOG_ID_MAIN]);
log_close(log_fds[LOG_ID_RADIO]);
log_close(log_fds[LOG_ID_EVENTS]);
log_fds[LOG_ID_MAIN] = -1;
log_fds[LOG_ID_RADIO] = -1;
log_fds[LOG_ID_EVENTS] = -1;
write_to_log = __write_to_log_null;
}
if (log_fds[LOG_ID_SYSTEM] < 0) {
log_fds[LOG_ID_SYSTEM] = log_fds[LOG_ID_MAIN];
}
}
#ifdef HAVE_PTHREADS
pthread_mutex_unlock(&log_init_lock);
#endif
return write_to_log(log_id, vec, nr);
}#define LOGGER_LOG_MAIN "log/main"
#define LOGGER_LOG_RADIO "log/radio"
#define LOGGER_LOG_EVENTS "log/events"
#define LOGGER_LOG_SYSTEM "log/system"static int __write_to_log_kernel(log_id_t log_id, struct iovec *vec, size_t nr)
{
ssize_t ret;
int log_fd;
if (/*(int)log_id >= 0 &&*/ (int)log_id < (int)LOG_ID_MAX) {
log_fd = log_fds[(int)log_id];
} else {
return EBADF;
}
do {
ret = log_writev(log_fd, vec, nr);
} while (ret < 0 && errno == EINTR);
return ret;
}#if FAKE_LOG_DEVICE
// This will be defined when building for the host.
#define log_open(pathname, flags) fakeLogOpen(pathname, flags)
#define log_writev(filedes, vector, count) fakeLogWritev(filedes, vector, count)
#define log_close(filedes) fakeLogClose(filedes)
#else
#define log_open(pathname, flags) open(pathname, flags)
#define log_writev(filedes, vector, count) writev(filedes, vector, count)
#define log_close(filedes) close(filedes)
#endif至些，整个调用过程就结束了。总结一下，首先是从应用程序层调用应用程序框架层的Java接口，应用程序框架层的Java接口通过调用本层的JNI方法进入到系统运行库层的C接口，系统运行库层的C接口通过设备文件来访问内核空间层的Logger驱动程序。这是一个典型的调用过程，很好地诠释Android的系统架构，希望读者好好领会。
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