实现数据模型的类型约束

你想定义某些在属性赋值上面有限制的数据结构。

在这个问题中，你需要在对某些实例属性赋值时进行检查。 所以你要自定义属性赋值函数，这种情况下最好使用描述器。

class Descriptor:
    def __init__(self, name=None, **opts):
        self.name = name
        for key, value in opts.items():
            setattr(self, key, value)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('Descriptor')
        instance.__dict__[self.name] = value


# Descriptor for enforcing types
class Typed(Descriptor):
    expected_type = type(None)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        print('Typed')
        if not isinstance(value, self.expected_type):
            raise TypeError('expected ' + str(self.expected_type))
        super().__set__(instance, value)


# Descriptor for enforcing values
class Unsigned(Descriptor):
    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError('Expected >= 0')
        super().__set__(instance, value)


class MaxSized(Descriptor):
    def __init__(self, name=None, **opts):
        if 'size' not in opts:
            raise TypeError('missing size option')
        super().__init__(name, **opts)

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if len(value) >= self.size:
            raise ValueError('size must be < ' + str(self.size))
        super().__set__(instance, value)


class Integer(Typed):
    expected_type = int


class UnsignedInteger(Integer, Unsigned):
    pass


class Float(Typed):
    expected_type = float


class UnsignedFloat(Float, Unsigned):
    pass


class String(Typed):
    expected_type = str


class SizedString(String, MaxSized):
    pass


class Stock:
    # Specify constraints
    name = SizedString('name', size=8)
    shares = UnsignedInteger('shares')
    price = UnsignedFloat('price')

    def __init__(self, name, shares, price):
        self.name = name
        self.shares = shares
        self.price = price


s = Stock('hello', 1, 1.0)
print(s.name)
Stock(1, 2, 3)  # 报错

还有一些技术可以简化上面的代码，其中一种是使用类装饰器：

def check_attributes(**kwargs):
    def decorate(cls):
        for key, value in kwargs.items():
            if isinstance(value, Descriptor):

                value.name = key
                setattr(cls, key, value)
            else:
                setattr(cls, key, value(key))
        return cls

    return decorate

# Example
@check_attributes(name=SizedString(size=8),
                  shares=UnsignedInteger,
                  price=UnsignedFloat)
class Stock:
    def __init__(self, name, shares, price):
        self.name = name
        self.shares = shares
        self.price = price

 

另外一种方式是使用元类：

class checkedmeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, methods):
        # Attach attribute names to the descriptors
        for key, value in methods.items():
            if isinstance(value, Descriptor):
                value.name = key
        return type.__new__(cls, clsname, bases, methods)

# Example
class Stock2(metaclass=checkedmeta):
    name = SizedString(size=8)
    shares = UnsignedInteger()
    price = UnsignedFloat()

    def __init__(self, name, shares, price):
        self.name = name
        self.shares = shares
        self.price = price

 

下面是网友提供一种高效的方法

def Typed(expected_type, cls=None):
    if cls is None:
        return lambda cls: Typed(expected_type, cls)
    super_set = cls.__set__

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, expected_type):
            raise TypeError('expected ' + str(expected_type))
        super_set(self, instance, value)

    cls.__set__ = __set__
    return cls


# Decorator for unsigned values
def Unsigned(cls):
    super_set = cls.__set__

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError('Expected >= 0')
        super_set(self, instance, value)

    cls.__set__ = __set__
    return cls


# Decorator for allowing sized values
def MaxSized(cls):
    super_init = cls.__init__

    def __init__(self, name=None, **opts):
        if 'size' not in opts:
            raise TypeError('missing size option')
        super_init(self, name, **opts)

    cls.__init__ = __init__

    super_set = cls.__set__

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if len(value) >= self.size:
            raise ValueError('size must be < ' + str(self.size))
        super_set(self, instance, value)

    cls.__set__ = __set__
    return cls


# Specialized descriptors
@Typed(int)
class Integer(Descriptor):
    pass


@Unsigned
class UnsignedInteger(Integer):
    pass


@Typed(float)
class Float(Descriptor):
    pass


@Unsigned
class UnsignedFloat(Float):
    pass


@Typed(str)
class String(Descriptor):
    pass


@MaxSized
class SizedString(String):
    pass

这种方式定义的类跟之前的效果一样，而且执行速度会更快。 设置一个简单的类型属性的值，装饰器方式要比之前的混入类的方式几乎快100%。 现在你应该庆幸自己读完了本节全部内容了吧？^_^