【Linux】ping程序解析与扩展

1. Ping程序背景知识

1.1

2. 分析预备知识

2.1 主要数据结构

2.1.1 struct proto

struct proto {
  void	 (*fproc)(char *, ssize_t, struct timeval *);
  void	 (*fsend)(void);
  struct sockaddr  *sasend;	/* sockaddr{} for send, from getaddrinfo */
  struct sockaddr  *sarecv;	/* sockaddr{} for receiving */
  socklen_t	    salen;		/* length of sockaddr{}s */
  int	   	    icmpproto;	/* IPPROTO_xxx value for ICMP */
} *pr;

2.1.2 struct addrinfo

struct addrinfo
{
  int ai_flags;			/* Input flags.  */
  int ai_family;		/* Protocol family for socket.  */
  int ai_socktype;		/* Socket type.  */
  int ai_protocol;		/* Protocol for socket.  */
  socklen_t ai_addrlen;		/* Length of socket address.  */
  struct sockaddr *ai_addr;	/* Socket address for socket.  */
  char *ai_canonname;		/* Canonical name for service location.  */
  struct addrinfo *ai_next;	/* Pointer to next in list.  */
};

2.1.3 struct ip

struct ip
  {
#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
    unsigned int ip_hl:4;		/* header length */
    unsigned int ip_v:4;		/* version */
#endif
#if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
    unsigned int ip_v:4;		/* version */
    unsigned int ip_hl:4;		/* header length */
#endif
    uint8_t ip_tos;			/* type of service */
    unsigned short ip_len;		/* total length */
    unsigned short ip_id;		/* identification */
    unsigned short ip_off;		/* fragment offset field */
#define	IP_RF 0x8000			/* reserved fragment flag */
#define	IP_DF 0x4000			/* dont fragment flag */
#define	IP_MF 0x2000			/* more fragments flag */
#define	IP_OFFMASK 0x1fff		/* mask for fragmenting bits */
    uint8_t ip_ttl;			/* time to live */
    uint8_t ip_p;			/* protocol */
    unsigned short ip_sum;		/* checksum */
    struct in_addr ip_src, ip_dst;	/* source and dest address */
  };

2.1.4 struct icmp

struct icmp
{
  uint8_t  icmp_type;	/* type of message, see below */
  uint8_t  icmp_code;	/* type sub code */
  uint16_t icmp_cksum;	/* ones complement checksum of struct */
  union
  {
    unsigned char ih_pptr;	/* ICMP_PARAMPROB */
    struct in_addr ih_gwaddr;	/* gateway address */
    struct ih_idseq		/* echo datagram */
    {
      uint16_t icd_id;
      uint16_t icd_seq;
    } ih_idseq;
    uint32_t ih_void;

    /* ICMP_UNREACH_NEEDFRAG -- Path MTU Discovery (RFC1191) */
    struct ih_pmtu
    {
      uint16_t ipm_void;
      uint16_t ipm_nextmtu;
    } ih_pmtu;

    struct ih_rtradv
    {
      uint8_t irt_num_addrs;
      uint8_t irt_wpa;
      uint16_t irt_lifetime;
    } ih_rtradv;
  } icmp_hun;
#define	icmp_pptr	icmp_hun.ih_pptr
#define	icmp_gwaddr	icmp_hun.ih_gwaddr
#define	icmp_id		icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_id
#define	icmp_seq	icmp_hun.ih_idseq.icd_seq
#define	icmp_void	icmp_hun.ih_void
#define	icmp_pmvoid	icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_void
#define	icmp_nextmtu	icmp_hun.ih_pmtu.ipm_nextmtu
#define	icmp_num_addrs	icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_num_addrs
#define	icmp_wpa	icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_wpa
#define	icmp_lifetime	icmp_hun.ih_rtradv.irt_lifetime
  union
  {
    struct
    {
      uint32_t its_otime;
      uint32_t its_rtime;
      uint32_t its_ttime;
    } id_ts;
    struct
    {
      struct ip idi_ip;
      /* options and then 64 bits of data */
    } id_ip;
    struct icmp_ra_addr id_radv;
    uint32_t   id_mask;
    uint8_t    id_data[1];
  } icmp_dun;
#define	icmp_otime	icmp_dun.id_ts.its_otime
#define	icmp_rtime	icmp_dun.id_ts.its_rtime
#define	icmp_ttime	icmp_dun.id_ts.its_ttime
#define	icmp_ip		icmp_dun.id_ip.idi_ip
#define	icmp_radv	icmp_dun.id_radv
#define	icmp_mask	icmp_dun.id_mask
#define	icmp_data	icmp_dun.id_data
};

2.1.5 struct long int

struct timeval
{
  long int tv_sec;		/* Seconds.  */
  long int tv_usec;		/* Microseconds.  */
};

2.1.6 struct addrinfo

struct addrinfo
{
  int ai_flags;			/* Input flags.  */
  int ai_family;		/* Protocol family for socket.  */
  int ai_socktype;		/* Socket type.  */
  int ai_protocol;		/* Protocol for socket.  */
  socklen_t ai_addrlen;		/* Length of socket address.  */
  struct sockaddr *ai_addr;	/* Socket address for socket.  */
  char *ai_canonname;		/* Canonical name for service location.  */
  struct addrinfo *ai_next;	/* Pointer to next in list.  */
};

2.1.7 struct sockaddr

struct sockaddr
  {
    unsigned short int sa_family;	/* Common data: address family and length.  */
    char sa_data[14];		/* Address data.  */
  };

2.2 socket

2.3 命令选项解析函数getopt()

2.4 用户权限设置

2.5 Linux信号(signal)机制

2.6 辅助函数

2.6.1 inet_ntop()

3. 源代码分析

3.1

4. 源代码扩展

4.1