DFT, DHT, DCT, DST

Gonzalez R. C. and Woods R. E. Digital Image Processing (Forth Edition)

基本

酉变换

一维的变换:
$$\begin{gathered} \mathbf{t}=\mathbf{A}\mathbf{f}, \\ \mathbf{f}={\mathbf{A}}^H\mathbf{t}, \\ {\mathbf{A}}^H={{\mathbf{A}}^{\ast }}^T,{\mathbf{A}}^H\mathbf{A}=\mathbf{I}. \end{gathered}$$
以及二维的变换:
$$\begin{gathered} \mathbf{T}=\mathbf{A}\mathbf{F}{\mathbf{B}}^T, \\ \mathbf{F}={\mathbf{A}}^H\mathbf{T}{\mathbf{B}}^{\ast }, \\ {\mathbf{A}}^H\mathbf{A}=\mathbf{I},{\mathbf{B}}^T{\mathbf{B}}^{\ast }=\mathbf{I}. \end{gathered}$$

以一维的为例, 实际上就是
$$\begin{gathered} t_u=\sum _{x=0}^{N-1}{f}_{x}s(x,u)={\mathbf{f}}^T{\mathbf{s}}_u,u=0,1,\cdots ,N-1, \\ {\mathbf{s}}_u=[s(0,u),s(1,u),\cdots ,s(N-1,u){]}^T. \end{gathered}$$
故
$$\mathbf{A}=[{\mathbf{s}}_0,\cdots ,{\mathbf{s}}_{N-1}{]}^T.$$

others

$$\sum _{k=0}^n\sin (kx)=\frac{\cos (\frac{1}{2}x)-\cos (\frac{2n+1}{2}x)}{2\sin (\frac{x}{2})},x\in (2K\pi ,2(K+1)\pi )$$

proof:

$$\begin{array}{ll}2\sin (\frac{x}{2}){\sum }_{k=0}^n\sin (kx)& ={\sum }_{k=0}^n[\cos (\frac{2k-1}{2}x)-\cos (\frac{2k+1}{2}x)]\\ & =\cos (\frac{1}{2}x)-\cos (\frac{2n+1}{2}x).\end{array}$$

类似地
$$\sum _{k=0}^n\cos (kx)=\frac{\sin (\frac{2k+1}{2}x)+\sin (\frac{1}{2}x)}{2\sin (\frac{1}{2}x)},x\in (2K\pi ,2(K+1)\pi )$$

proof:

$$\begin{array}{ll}2\sin (\frac{x}{2}){\sum }_{k=0}^n\cos (kx)& ={\sum }_{k=0}^n[\sin (\frac{2k+1}{2}x)-\sin (\frac{2k-1}{2}x)]\\ & =\sin (\frac{2k+1}{2}x)+\sin (\frac{1}{2}x).\end{array}$$

Fourier-related Transforms

DFT

$$s(x,u)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}{e}^{\frac{-j2\pi xu}{N}}$$

${\mathbf{s}}_u^H{\mathbf{s}}_u=1$是显然的, 又注意到
$${\mathbf{s}}_u^H{\mathbf{s}}_{u^{\prime }}=\frac{1}{N}\sum _{x=0}^{N-1}{e}^{\frac{-j2\pi x(u-u^{\prime })}{N}},$$
又
$$\sum _{n=0}^{N-1}{a}^n=\frac{1-a^N}{1-a},$$
由于
$$e^{-j2\pi x(u-u^{\prime })}=1,\forall u\ne u^{\prime }.$$

DHT

DISCRETE HARTLEY TRANSFORM

$$s(x,u)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}(\frac{2\pi xu}{N})=\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}[\cos (\frac{2\pi ux}{N})+\sin (\frac{2\pi ux}{N})].$$

$$\begin{gathered} 2\cos (\frac{2\pi ux}{N})\cos (\frac{2\pi u^{\prime }x}{N})=\cos (\frac{2\pi (u-u^{\prime })x}{N})+\cos (\frac{2\pi (u+u^{\prime })x}{N}) \\ 2\sin (\frac{2\pi ux}{N})\sin (\frac{2\pi u^{\prime }x}{N})=\cos (\frac{2\pi (u-u^{\prime })x}{N})-\cos (\frac{2\pi (u+u^{\prime })x}{N}) \\ 2\sin (\frac{2\pi ux}{N})\cos (\frac{2\pi u^{\prime }x}{N})=\sin (\frac{2\pi (u+u^{\prime })x}{N})-\sin (\frac{2\pi (u-u^{\prime })x}{N}) \end{gathered}$$

故想要证明其为标准正交基, 只需注意到:
$$\sum _{x=0}^{N-1}\sin (\frac{2\pi kx}{N})=\frac{\cos (\frac{k\pi }{N})-\cos (\frac{(2N-1)k\pi }{N})}{...},$$
$k\ne 0$的时候, 有
$$\cos (\frac{(2N-1)k\pi }{N})=\cos (\frac{k\pi }{N}),$$
故
$$\sum _{x=0}^{N-1}\sin (\frac{2\pi kx}{N})=0,k\ne 0.$$
类似可得:

$$\sum _{x=0}^{N-1}\cos (\frac{2\pi kx}{N})=0,k\ne 0.$$

正交性如此是易证明的, 实际上标准性是显然的.

DCT

DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM

$$\begin{gathered} s(x,u)=\alpha (u)\cos (\frac{(2x+1)u\pi }{2N}), \\ \alpha (u)=\{\begin{array}{ll}\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}},& u=0,\\ \sqrt{\frac{2}{N}},& u=1,2,\cdots ,N-1.\end{array} \end{gathered}$$

其标准正交的思路和DHT是如出一辙的.

与DFT的联系

1. 定义

$$g(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}f(x),& x=0,1,\cdots ,N-1,\\ f(2N-x-1),& u=N,N+1,\cdots ,2N-1.\end{array}$$

此时$g(x)=g(2N-1-x)$;

2. 计算DFT

$${\mathbf{t}}_F={\mathbf{A}}_F\mathbf{g}=\left[\begin{array}{c}{\mathbf{t}}_1\\ {\mathbf{t}}_2\end{array}\right].$$

3. 定义

$$\begin{gathered} h(u)=e^{-j\pi u/2N},u=0,1,\cdots ,N-1, \\ \mathbf{s}=[1/\sqrt{2},1,1,\cdots ,1{]}^T. \end{gathered}$$

t C = R e { s ∘ h ∘ t 1 } . \mathbf{t}_C = \mathrm{Re}\{\mathbf{s\circ h \circ t_1}\}. tC​=Re{s∘h∘t1​}.

其中$\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}$表示实部, $\circ$表示逐项乘法.

证明是平凡的.

DST

DISCRETE SINE TRANSFORM

$$s(x,u)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{N+1}}\sin (\frac{(x+1)(u+1)\pi }{N+1}).$$

与DFT的联系

1. 定义

$$g(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}0,& x=0,\\ f(x-1),& x=1,\cdots ,N,\\ 0,& x=N+1,\\ -f(2N-x+1),& u=N+1,\cdots ,2N+1.\end{array}$$

此时$g(x)=-g(2N+2-x)$.

2. DFT

$${\mathbf{t}}_F={\mathbf{A}}_F\mathbf{g}=\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ {\mathbf{t}}_1\\ 0\\ {\mathbf{t}}_2\end{array}\right].$$

t S = − I m a g { t 1 } . \mathbf{t}_S = -\mathrm{Imag}\{\mathbf{t}_1\}. tS​=−Imag{t1​}.

其中$\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}$表虚部.