【DS实践 | Coursera】Assignment3 | Introduction to Data Science in Python

最新推荐文章于 2023-05-14 18:18:31 发布

Mart_inn

最新推荐文章于 2023-05-14 18:18:31 发布

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分类专栏： Data Science with Python Coursera 文章标签： python 数据分析开发语言

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前言

本章是Introduction to Data Science in Python的第3个Assignment，本章的任务主要是根据给出的三张表格，在理解各种合并过程的基础上，选择合适的汇总与合并数据表的方法，即行数据汇总，对数据进行清洗、合并后对数据利用DataFrame的功能，对数据进行分组聚类，计算并查看统计描述值，查找最大最小项等数据处理，需要对各项技术熟练运用。

一、Q1

1.1 问题描述
Load the energy data from the file assets/Energy Indicators.xls, which is a list of indicators of energy supply and renewable electricity production from the United Nations for the year 2013, and should be put into a DataFrame with the variable name of Energy.

Keep in mind that this is an Excel file, and not a comma separated values file. Also, make sure to exclude the footer and header information from the datafile. The first two columns are unneccessary, so you should get rid of them, and you should change the column labels so that the columns are:

['Country', 'Energy Supply', 'Energy Supply per Capita', '% Renewable]

Convert Energy Supply to gigajoules (Note: there are 1,000,000 gigajoules in a petajoule). For all countries which have missing data (e.g. data with “…”) make sure this is reflected as np.NaN values.

Rename the following list of countries (for use in later questions):

"Republic of Korea": "South Korea",
"United States of America": "United States",
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland": "United Kingdom",
"China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region": "Hong Kong"

There are also several countries with parenthesis in their name. Be sure to remove these, e.g. 'Bolivia (Plurinational State of)' should be 'Bolivia'.

Next, load the GDP data from the file assets/world_bank.csv, which is a csv containing countries’ GDP from 1960 to 2015 from World Bank. Call this DataFrame GDP.

Make sure to skip the header, and rename the following list of countries:

"Korea, Rep.": "South Korea", 
"Iran, Islamic Rep.": "Iran",
"Hong Kong SAR, China": "Hong Kong"

Finally, load the Sciamgo Journal and Country Rank data for Energy Engineering and Power Technology from the file assets/scimagojr-3.xlsx, which ranks countries based on their journal contributions in the aforementioned area. Call this DataFrame ScimEn.

Join the three datasets: GDP, Energy, and ScimEn into a new dataset (using the intersection of country names). Use only the last 10 years (2006-2015) of GDP data and only the top 15 countries by Scimagojr ‘Rank’ (Rank 1 through 15).

The index of this DataFrame should be the name of the country, and the columns should be [‘Rank’, ‘Documents’, ‘Citable documents’, ‘Citations’, ‘Self-citations’,
‘Citations per document’, ‘H index’, ‘Energy Supply’,
‘Energy Supply per Capita’, ‘% Renewable’, ‘2006’, ‘2007’, ‘2008’,
‘2009’, ‘2010’, ‘2011’, ‘2012’, ‘2013’, ‘2014’, ‘2015’].

This function should return a DataFrame with 20 columns and 15 entries, and the rows of the DataFrame should be sorted by “Rank”.

1.2 问题分析
第一问主要是介绍了三个数据集的数据内容，分别是：

Energy：数据取自’Energy Indicators.xls’，能源指标，本任务取其中[‘Country’, ‘Energy Supply’, ‘Energy Supply per Capita’, ‘% Renewable’]字段。
GDP：数据取自’world_bank.csv’，本任务取GDP前10国家2006-2015年的GDP。
ScimEn：数据取自’scimagojr-3.xlsx’，主要根据各国在上述领域的期刊贡献对其进行排名，取所有字段。

接下来要对各个数据集的数据做规范处理，将Energy和GDP表中的名字进行规范化，例如将"Republic of Korea"改为"South Korea"，将Energy表中国家名中的()和[]注释去掉，并转换'Energy Supply'的单位，更改Energy和GDP的列名，并在最后将三张表合并在一起。

1.3 代码及详解

#设定更改名字的函数
def change_country_values(item):
    dicts={"Republic of Korea": "South Korea",
            "United States of America": "United States",
            "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland": "United Kingdom",
            "China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region": "Hong Kong",
            
            "Korea, Rep.": "South Korea", 
            "Iran, Islamic Rep.": "Iran",
            "Hong Kong SAR, China": "Hong Kong"}
    #利用dicts的迭代器进行匹配
    for key,values in dicts.items():
        if item==key:
            return values
    return item
            
def answer_one():
    #创建Energy的DataFrame
    Energy=pd.read_excel('assets/Energy Indicators.xls',skiprows=16,usecols=[2,3,4,5])
    Energy=Energy[1:228]
    
    #更改列名
    Energy.columns=['Country', 'Energy Supply', 'Energy Supply per Capita', '% Renewable']
    #去掉尾缀
    Energy.replace(to_replace=' \(.*\)$',value='',regex=True,inplace=True)
    Energy.replace(to_replace='[\d]+$',value='',regex=True,inplace=True)
    Energy.replace(to_replace='^[\.]+$',value=np.nan,regex=True,inplace=True)
    #更改单位
    Energy['Energy Supply']=Energy['Energy Supply'].apply(lambda x:x*1000000)
    #更改国家名
    Energy['Country']=Energy['Country'].apply(change_country_values)
    #print(Energy)
    
    #创建GDP的DataFrame
    GDP=pd.read_csv('assets/world_bank.csv',skiprows=4)
    GDP['Country Name']=GDP['Country Name'].apply(change_country_values)
    GDP.rename(columns={'Country Name':'Country'},inplace=True)
    #print(GDP.head())
    
    #创建ScimEn的DataFrame
    ScimEn=pd.read_excel('assets/scimagojr-3.xlsx')
    #print(ScimEn)
    
    #将要去的数据列汇总成一个list
    year=list(range(2006,2016))
    GDP_year=[str(i) for i in year]
    GDP_year.append('Country')
    
    #取出2006年-2015年的数据
    GDP=GDP.loc[:,GDP_year]
    #print(GDP_year)
    
    #按国家名合并DataFrame
    merge1=pd.merge(Energy,GDP,left_on='Country',right_on='Country',how='inner')
    #print(merge1.columns)
    
    #按国家名合并DataFrame
    merge2=pd.merge(ScimEn,merge1,on='Country',how='inner')
    #print(len(merge2))
    
    #取合并后排名前15名
    merge2=merge2[merge2['Rank']<16]
    
    #设置index
    merge2.set_index('Country',inplace=True)
    #print(merge2.columns)
    
    #返回合并后的DataFrame
    return merge2
answer_one()

得到合并后的DataFrame

Country	Rank	Documents	Citable documents	Citations	Self-citations	Citations per document	H index	Energy Supply	Energy Supply per Capita	% Renewable	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
China	1	127050	126767	597237	411683	4.70	138	1.271910e+11	93	19.75491	3.992331e+12	4.559041e+12	4.997775e+12	5.459247e+12	6.039659e+12	6.612490e+12	7.124978e+12	7.672448e+12	8.230121e+12	8.797999e+12
United States	2	96661	94747	792274	265436	8.20	230	9.083800e+10	286	11.57098	1.479230e+13	1.505540e+13	1.501149e+13	1.459484e+13	1.496437e+13	1.520402e+13	1.554216e+13	1.577367e+13	1.615662e+13	1.654857e+13
Japan	3	30504	30287	223024	61554	7.31	134	1.898400e+10	149	10.23282	5.496542e+12	5.617036e+12	5.558527e+12	5.251308e+12	5.498718e+12	5.473738e+12	5.569102e+12	5.644659e+12	5.642884e+12	5.669563e+12
United Kingdom	4	20944	20357	206091	37874	9.84	139	7.920000e+09	124	10.60047	2.419631e+12	2.482203e+12	2.470614e+12	2.367048e+12	2.403504e+12	2.450911e+12	2.479809e+12	2.533370e+12	2.605643e+12	2.666333e+12
Russian Federation	5	18534	18301	34266	12422	1.85	57	3.070900e+10	214	17.28868	1.385793e+12	1.504071e+12	1.583004e+12	1.459199e+12	1.524917e+12	1.589943e+12	1.645876e+12	1.666934e+12	1.678709e+12	1.616149e+12
Canada	6	17899	17620	215003	40930	12.01	149	1.043100e+10	296	61.94543	1.564469e+12	1.596740e+12	1.612713e+12	1.565145e+12	1.613406e+12	1.664087e+12	1.693133e+12	1.730688e+12	1.773486e+12	1.792609e+12
Germany	7	17027	16831	140566	27426	8.26	126	1.326100e+10	165	17.90153	3.332891e+12	3.441561e+12	3.478809e+12	3.283340e+12	3.417298e+12	3.542371e+12	3.556724e+12	3.567317e+12	3.624386e+12	3.685556e+12
India	8	15005	14841	128763	37209	8.58	115	3.319500e+10	26	14.96908	1.265894e+12	1.374865e+12	1.428361e+12	1.549483e+12	1.708459e+12	1.821872e+12	1.924235e+12	2.051982e+12	2.200617e+12	2.367206e+12
France	9	13153	12973	130632	28601	9.93	114	1.059700e+10	166	17.02028	2.607840e+12	2.669424e+12	2.674637e+12	2.595967e+12	2.646995e+12	2.702032e+12	2.706968e+12	2.722567e+12	2.729632e+12	2.761185e+12
South Korea	10	11983	11923	114675	22595	9.57	104	1.100700e+10	221	2.279353	9.410199e+11	9.924316e+11	1.020510e+12	1.027730e+12	1.094499e+12	1.134796e+12	1.160809e+12	1.194429e+12	1.234340e+12	1.266580e+12
Italy	11	10964	10794	111850	26661	10.20	106	6.530000e+09	109	33.66723	2.202170e+12	2.234627e+12	2.211154e+12	2.089938e+12	2.125185e+12	2.137439e+12	2.077184e+12	2.040871e+12	2.033868e+12	2.049316e+12
Spain	12	9428	9330	123336	23964	13.08	115	4.923000e+09	106	37.96859	1.414823e+12	1.468146e+12	1.484530e+12	1.431475e+12	1.431673e+12	1.417355e+12	1.380216e+12	1.357139e+12	1.375605e+12	1.419821e+12
Iran	13	8896	8819	57470	19125	6.46	72	9.172000e+09	119	5.707721	3.895523e+11	4.250646e+11	4.289909e+11	4.389208e+11	4.677902e+11	4.853309e+11	4.532569e+11	4.445926e+11	4.639027e+11	NaN
Australia	14	8831	8725	90765	15606	10.28	107	5.386000e+09	231	11.81081	1.021939e+12	1.060340e+12	1.099644e+12	1.119654e+12	1.142251e+12	1.169431e+12	1.211913e+12	1.241484e+12	1.272520e+12	1.301251e+12
Brazil	15	8668	8596	60702	14396	7.00	86	1.214900e+10	59	69.64803	1.845080e+12	1.957118e+12	2.056809e+12	2.054215e+12	2.208872e+12	2.295245e+12	2.339209e+12	2.409740e+12	2.412231e+12	2.319423e+12

二、Q2

2.1 问题描述

The previous question joined three datasets then reduced this to just the top 15 entries. When you joined the datasets, but before you reduced this to the top 15 items, how many entries did you lose?

This function should return a single number.

在这里插入图片描述

2.2 问题分析

有些关键字段只在两张表中的一张表里面有，在做内连接时，这将会导致这个字段无法连接，会被删去；在做外连接时，这些字段则会被保留，如果另一张表没有，则返回NaN，为了查看多少行数据被删去了，只要对三张表都做外连接，再减去内连接的列表数即可，代码主体与上一题类似。

2.3 代码及详解

def answer_two():
    Energy=pd.read_excel('assets/Energy Indicators.xls',skiprows=16,usecols=[2,3,4,5])
    Energy=Energy[1:228]
    Energy.columns=['Country', 'Energy Supply', 'Energy Supply per Capita', '% Renewable']
    Energy.replace(to_replace=' \(.*\)$',value='',regex=True,inplace=True)
    Energy.replace(to_replace='[\d]+$',value='',regex=True,inplace=True)
    Energy.replace(to_replace='^[\.]+$',value=np.nan,regex=True,inplace=True)
    Energy['Energy Supply']=Energy['Energy Supply'].apply(lambda x:x*1000000)
    Energy['Country']=Energy['Country'].apply(change_country_values)
    #print(Energy)
    
    GDP=pd.read_csv('assets/world_bank.csv',skiprows=4)
    GDP['Country Name']=GDP['Country Name'].apply(change_country_values)
    GDP.rename(columns={'Country Name':'Country'},inplace=True)
    #print(GDP.head())
    
    ScimEn=pd.read_excel('assets/scimagojr-3.xlsx')
    #print(ScimEn)
    
    year=list(range(2006,2016))
    GDP_year=[str(i) for i in year]
    GDP_year.append('Country')
    GDP=GDP.loc[:,GDP_year]
    #print(GDP_year)
    
    merge1=pd.merge(Energy,GDP,left_on='Country',right_on='Country',how='inner')
    #print(len(merge1))
    
    #三张表内连接
    merge2=pd.merge(ScimEn,merge1,on='Country',how='inner')
    #print(len(merge2))

    merge3=pd.merge(Energy,GDP,left_on='Country',right_on='Country',how='outer')
    #print(len(merge3))
    
    #三张表外连接
    merge4=pd.merge(ScimEn,merge3,on='Country',how='outer')
    #print(len(merge4))
    ans=len(merge4)-len(merge2)
    #print(ans)
    #print(merge2.columns)
    return ans
answer_two()

结果为158

三、Q3

3.1 问题描述

What are the top 15 countries for average GDP over the last 10 years?

This function should return a Series named avgGDP with 15 countries and their average GDP sorted in descending order.

3.2 问题分析

计算10年的平均值，各年数据用apply()功能，利用匿名函数进行计算平均值。
降序排列，可以用DataFrame中的sort_values()功能。

3.3 代码

def answer_three():
    df=answer_one()
    year=list(range(2006,2015))
    year=[str(i) for i in year]
    df['avgGDP']=df[year].apply(lambda x: np.nanmean(x),axis=1)
    df=df.sort_values(ascending=False,by='avgGDP')
    return df['avgGDP']
answer_three()

Country
United States	1.523276e+13
China	6.076454e+12
Japan	5.528057e+12
Germany	3.471633e+12
France	2.672896e+12
United Kingdom	2.468081e+12
Brazil	2.175391e+12
Italy	2.128048e+12
India	1.702863e+12
Canada	1.645985e+12
Russian Federation	1.559827e+12
Spain	1.417885e+12
Australia	1.148797e+12
South Korea	1.088952e+12
Iran	4.441558e+11

四、Q4

4.1 问题描述

By how much had the GDP changed over the 10 year span for the country with the 6th largest average GDP?

This function should return a single number.

4.2 问题分析

第六大GDP经济体10年改变了多少值？

4.3 代码

def answer_four():
    df=answer_one()
    year=list(range(2006,2015))
    year=[str(i) for i in year]
    df['avgGDP']=df[year].apply(lambda x: np.nanmean(x),axis=1)
    df=df.sort_values(ascending=False,by='avgGDP')
    return df.iloc[5]['2015']-df.iloc[5]['2006']
answer_four()

246702696075.3999

五、Q5

5.1 问题描述

What is the mean energy supply per capita?

This function should return a single number.

5.2 问题分析

人均能源供给的平均值是什么？

5.3 代码

def answer_five():
    df=answer_one()
    return df['Energy Supply per Capita'].mean()
answer_five()

157.6

六、Q6

6.1 问题描述

What country has the maximum % Renewable and what is the percentage?

This function should return a tuple with the name of the country and the percentage.

6.2 问题分析

那个国家的’% Renewable’值最大，最大值是多少？
这里我首先将DataFrame中的数据转化为float，然后用Series中的.idmax()找到了最大值所在国家

6.3 代码

def answer_six():
    df=answer_one()
    return (df['% Renewable'].astype(float).idxmax(),df['% Renewable'].astype(float).max())
answer_six()

('Brazil', 69.65)

七、Q7

7.1 问题描述

Create a new column that is the ratio of Self-Citations to Total Citations. What is the maximum value for this new column, and what country has the highest ratio?

This function should return a tuple with the name of the country and the ratio.

7.2 问题分析

用自引用量/总引用量得到引用比，并找到这项数据最大的国家和最大的值，方法与上一题一样

7.3 代码


def answer_seven():  
    df=answer_one()
    df['ratio']=df['Self-citations']/df['Citations']
    return (df['ratio'].idxmax(),df['ratio'].max())
answer_seven()

('China', 0.69)

八、Q8

8.1 问题描述

Create a column that estimates the population using Energy Supply and Energy Supply per capita. What is the third most populous country according to this estimate?

This function should return the name of the country

8.2 问题分析

估算人口，可以用’Energy Supply’/‘Energy Supply per capita’，总数据除以人均即可得到人口，取第三大可以用降序排列之后取第三个数据即可

8.3 代码

def answer_eight():
    df=answer_one()
    df['population']=df['Energy Supply']/df['Energy Supply per Capita']
    df.sort_values(by='population',ascending=False,inplace=True)
    return df.iloc[2].name
answer_eight()

'United States'

九、Q9

9.1 问题描述

Create a column that estimates the number of citable documents per person. What is the correlation between the number of citable documents per capita and the energy supply per capita? Use the .corr() method, (Pearson’s correlation).

This function should return a single number.

(Optional: Use the built-in function plot9() to visualize the relationship between Energy Supply per Capita vs. Citable docs per Capita)

9.2 问题分析

计算皮尔森相关系数，较为简单，选做题代码已给出，运行即可得到图像

9.3 代码

def answer_nine():
    df=answer_one()
    df['population']=df['Energy Supply']/df['Energy Supply per Capita']
    df['citable documents per capita']=df['Citable documents']/df['population']
    return df['citable documents per capita'].astype(float).corr(df['Energy Supply per Capita'].astype(float))
answer_nine()

0.7940010435442946

十、Q10

10.1 问题描述

Create a new column with a 1 if the country’s % Renewable value is at or above the median for all countries in the top 15, and a 0 if the country’s % Renewable value is below the median.

This function should return a series named HighRenew whose index is the country name sorted in ascending order of rank.

10.2 问题分析

求得中位数，大于等于中位数则返回1，否则返回0

10.3 代码

def answer_ten():
    df=answer_one()
    df['flagRenew']= df['% Renewable']-df['% Renewable'].median() 
    df['HighRenew']= df['flagRenew'].apply(lambda x:1 if x>=0 else 0)
    return df['HighRenew']
answer_ten()

country
China	1
United States	0
Japan	0
United Kingdom	0
Russian Federation	1
Canada	1
Germany	1
India	0
France	1
South Korea	0
Italy	1
Spain	1
Iran	0
Australia	0
Brazil	1

十一、Q11

11.1 问题描述

Use the following dictionary to group the Countries by Continent, then create a DataFrame that displays the sample size (the number of countries in each continent bin), and the sum, mean, and std deviation for the estimated population of each country.

ContinentDict  = {'China':'Asia', 
                  'United States':'North America', 
                  'Japan':'Asia', 
                  'United Kingdom':'Europe', 
                  'Russian Federation':'Europe', 
                  'Canada':'North America', 
                  'Germany':'Europe', 
                  'India':'Asia',
                  'France':'Europe', 
                  'South Korea':'Asia', 
                  'Italy':'Europe', 
                  'Spain':'Europe', 
                  'Iran':'Asia',
                  'Australia':'Australia', 
                  'Brazil':'South America'}

This function should return a DataFrame with index named Continent ['Asia', 'Australia', 'Europe', 'North America', 'South America'] and columns ['size', 'sum', 'mean', 'std']

11.2 问题分析

对每个国家添加所属地区信息，并根据所属地区计算大小、总和、平均值、标准差，用聚合函数即可，语法可见DataFrame的合并、分组聚合与数据透视表（第三章分组与聚合）

11.3 代码

def region(row):
    ContinentDict  = {'China':'Asia', 
                  'United States':'North America', 
                  'Japan':'Asia', 
                  'United Kingdom':'Europe', 
                  'Russian Federation':'Europe', 
                  'Canada':'North America', 
                  'Germany':'Europe', 
                  'India':'Asia',
                  'France':'Europe', 
                  'South Korea':'Asia', 
                  'Italy':'Europe', 
                  'Spain':'Europe', 
                  'Iran':'Asia',
                  'Australia':'Australia', 
                  'Brazil':'South America'}
    #print(row.name)
    for key,values in ContinentDict.items():
        if row.name == key:
            row['region']=values
    return row
def answer_eleven():
    df=answer_one()
    df['population']=df['Energy Supply']/df['Energy Supply per Capita']
    df=df.apply(region,axis=1)
    new_df=df.groupby('region',axis=0).agg({'population':(np.size,np.nansum,np.nanmean,np.nanstd)})
    #new_df['size']=df.groupby('region',axis=0).size()
    new_df.columns=['size','sum','mean','std']
    #print(new_df)
    return new_df
answer_eleven()

在这里插入图片描述

十二、Q12

12.1 问题描述

Cut % Renewable into 5 bins. Group Top15 by the Continent, as well as these new % Renewable bins. How many countries are in each of these groups?

This function should return a Series with a MultiIndex of Continent, then the bins for % Renewable. Do not include groups with no countries.

12.2 问题分析

将’% Renewable’分为5个箱体，并计算各个箱体的大小，可以用pd.cut()来分割箱体，计算大小与上一题相似

12.3 代码

def region(row):
    ContinentDict  = {'China':'Asia', 
                  'United States':'North America', 
                  'Japan':'Asia', 
                  'United Kingdom':'Europe', 
                  'Russian Federation':'Europe', 
                  'Canada':'North America', 
                  'Germany':'Europe', 
                  'India':'Asia',
                  'France':'Europe', 
                  'South Korea':'Asia', 
                  'Italy':'Europe', 
                  'Spain':'Europe', 
                  'Iran':'Asia',
                  'Australia':'Australia', 
                  'Brazil':'South America'}
    #print(row.name)
    for key,values in ContinentDict.items():
        if row.name == key:
            row['Continent']=values
    return row

def answer_twelve():
    df=answer_one()
    df=df.apply(region,axis=1)
    df['% Renewable']=pd.cut(df['% Renewable'],5)
    new_df=df.groupby(['Continent','% Renewable'])['Continent'].agg(np.size).dropna()
    #new_df=new_df.set_index(['Continent','intervals'])
    return new_df

answer_twelve()

在这里插入图片描述

十三、Q13

13.1 问题描述

Convert the Population Estimate series to a string with thousands separator (using commas). Use all significant digits (do not round the results).

e.g. 12345678.90 -> 12,345,678.90

This function should return a series PopEst whose index is the country name and whose values are the population estimate string

13.2 问题分析

更改数据格式

13.3 代码

def answer_thirteen():
    df=answer_one()
    df['population']=df['Energy Supply']/df['Energy Supply per Capita']
    return df['population'].apply('{:,}'.format)
answer_thirteen()

country
China	1,367,645,161.2903225
United States	317,615,384.61538464
Japan	127,409,395.97315437
United Kingdom	63,870,967.741935484
Russian Federation	143,500,000.0
Canada	35,239,864.86486486
Germany	80,369,696.96969697
India	1,276,730,769.2307692
France	63,837,349.39759036
South Korea	49,805,429.864253394
Italy	59,908,256.880733944
Spain	46,443,396.2264151
Iran	77,075,630.25210084
Australia	23,316,017.316017315
Brazil	205,915,254.23728815