多继承与虚基类
C++中的多继承的二义性问题与虚基类的用法。在C++中类的继承非常的广泛,但当一个类继承了两个或两个以上的类的时候,如果在其继承的多个基类中存在相同的函数成员,在调用该函数时,就会产生不知道调用哪个基类的函数,产生二义性。通常通过在调用时加上作用域操作符(::)指明调用的基类函数便可解决。
这里再讲一种需要用到虚基类的情况,当类之间形成如下的继承关系:
这里的Bird和Horse都继承了Animal,然后Bird和Horse又被Pegasus继承了。那么在Pegasus调用构造函数时,会产生通过Bird继承Animal或者通过Horse继承Animal的二义性。这时需要用到虚继承来解决。当不用虚继承时,函数的调用如下:
采用虚继承即,在继承基类时在前面加上virtual。就不会出现重复调用Animal的构造函数的情况了。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
enum COLOR{Red,Green,Blue,Yellow,White,Black,Brown};
class Animal
{
public:
Animal(int);
virtual ~Animal() { cout << "Animal析构函数被调用...\n"; }
virtual int GetAge() { return itsAge; }
virtual void SetAge(int age) { itsAge = age; }
private:
int itsAge;
};
Animal::Animal(int age) :itsAge(age)
{
cout << "Animal的构造函数被调用...\n";
}
// 用虚继承解决二义性的问题
class Horse:virtual public Animal
{
public:
Horse(COLOR color, int height,int age)
:Animal(age),itsColor(color),itsHeight(height)
{
cout << "Horse的构造函数被调用...\n";
}
virtual ~Horse(){ cout << "Horse的析构函数被调用...\n"; }
virtual void Whinny()const { cout << "Whinny!..."; }
virtual int GetHeight()const { return itsHeight; }
virtual COLOR GetColor()const { return itsColor; }
private:
int itsHeight;
COLOR itsColor;
};
class Bird :virtual public Animal
{
public:
Bird(COLOR color,bool migrates,int age)
:Animal(age),itsColor(color),itsMigration(migrates)
{
cout<< "Bird的构造函数被调用...\n";
}
virtual ~Bird(){cout<< "Bird的析构函数被调用...\n";}
virtual void Chirp()const { cout << "Chirp..."; }
virtual void Fly() const
{
cout << "I can fly! I can fly! I can fly!";
}
virtual bool Getmigration()const { return itsMigration; }
virtual COLOR GetColor() const { return itsColor; }
private:
bool itsMigration;
COLOR itsColor;
};
class Pegasus :public Horse, public Bird
{
public:
void Chirp()const { Whinny(); }
Pegasus(COLOR, int, bool, long,int);
~Pegasus() { cout << "Pegasus析构函数被调用...\n"; }
virtual long GetNumberBelievers()const
{
return itsNumberBelievers;
}
private:
long itsNumberBelievers;
};
Pegasus::Pegasus(COLOR aColor, int height, bool migrates, long numBelieve, int age)
:Horse(aColor, height, age),
Bird(aColor, migrates, age),
itsNumberBelievers(numBelieve)
,Animal(age)
{
cout << "Pegasus构造函数被调用...\n";
}
int main()
{
Pegasus* pPeg = new Pegasus(Red,5, true, 10,2);
pPeg->Fly();
pPeg->Whinny();
pPeg->Chirp();
cout << "有" << pPeg->GetNumberBelievers() << "人相信世界上有飞马。" << endl;
//GetColor()出现了二义性
//pPeg->GetColor();
pPeg->Horse::GetColor();
COLOR color=pPeg->Bird::GetColor();
cout << "飞马的颜色:" << color << endl;
pPeg->GetAge();
delete pPeg;
return 0;
}