python中的元组metaclass

引言

尝试理解下面几句话

1. type的父类是object
2. object的元类是type
3. 实例由类创建，类由type创建

我们知道，python中一切皆对象，类(class) 也不例外。类(class) 作为一个对象，它需要有类型(type) ，像 [1,2,3] 这样的对象，其类型为list，而list的类型为type,而type自身的类型即为type，是递归定义的。
下面用代码来验证:

a = [1,2,3]
print(type(a))
print(type(type(a)))
print(type(type))

#output
#<class 'list'>
#<class 'type'>
#<class 'type'>

简单例子

class Human(type):
    def __new__(cls,name,father,contents):
        print("method:Human.__new__")
        print(f'address:{cls}')
        print(f'name:{name}')
        print(f'father:{father}')
        print(f'contents:{contents}')
        return super().__new__(cls,name,father,contents)
    
    def __init__(self,name,father,contents):
        print("method:Human.__init__")
        print(f'address:{self}')
        print(f'name:{name}')
        print(f'father:{father}')
        print(f'contents:{contents}')
        super().__init__(name,father,contents)
        print("initial down")
    
    def __call__(self,*args):
        print("method:Human.__call__")
        print(self)
        print(args)
        obj = self.__new__(self,*args)
        self.__init__(self,*args)
        return obj

class Father(metaclass=Human):
    def __init__(self,name):
        print(f'{self}.init')
        self.name = name

    def __new__(self,*args):
        print(f"{self}.new")
        return super().__new__(self)

    def dec(self):
        print("I'm father!")
    
class Son(Father):
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        print(f'{self}.init')
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

a = Father('Tom')
b = Son('Jerry',2)
c = Father("kl")

输出：

method:Human.__new__
address:<class '__main__.Human'>
name:Father
father:()
contents:{'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Father', '__init__': <function Father.__init__ at 0x00000243132D5CA0>, '__new__': <function Father.__new__ at 0x00000243132D59D0>, 'dec': <function Father.dec at 0x000002431145B310>, '__classcell__': <cell at 0x0000024312F68B50: empty>}
method:Human.__init__
address:<class '__main__.Father'>
name:Father
father:()
contents:{'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Father', '__init__': <function Father.__init__ at 0x00000243132D5CA0>, '__new__': <function Father.__new__ at 0x00000243132D59D0>, 'dec': <function Father.dec at 0x000002431145B310>, '__classcell__': <cell at 0x0000024312F68B50: Human object at 0x000002430F7BFB60>}
initial down
method:Human.__new__
address:<class '__main__.Human'>
name:Son
father:(<class '__main__.Father'>,)
contents:{'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Son', '__init__': <function Son.__init__ at 0x0000024313069280>}
method:Human.__init__
address:<class '__main__.Son'>
name:Son
father:(<class '__main__.Father'>,)
contents:{'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Son', '__init__': <function Son.__init__ at 0x0000024313069280>}
initial down
method:Human.__call__
<class '__main__.Father'>
('Tom',)
<class '__main__.Father'>.new
<class '__main__.Father'>.init
method:Human.__call__
<class '__main__.Son'>
('Jerry', 2)
<class '__main__.Son'>.new
<class '__main__.Son'>.init
method:Human.__call__
<class '__main__.Father'>
('kl',)
<class '__main__.Father'>.new
<class '__main__.Father'>.init

解释:

1. Father和Son的元类是Human
2. Human的父类是type
3. 在创建Father和Son两个类时，会调用Human中的init与new方法
4. 在实例化Father和Son时，会调用Human中的call方法，call的第一个参数是自动传入的类的类型，然后根据类型去调用相应的init与new