1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有:
- 层次模型
- 网状结构
- 关系模型
关系模型:
二维关系:row,column
数据库管理系统:DBMS
关系:Relational,RDBMS
RDBMS专业名词
常见的关系型数据库管理系统:
- MySQL:MySQL,MariaDB,Percona-Server
- PostgreSQL:简称为pgsql
- Oracle
- MSSQL
SQL:Structure Query Language,结构化查询语言
约束:constraint,向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
- 主键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据,不能为空(NOT NULL)。
- 一个表只能存在一个
- 惟一键约束:一个或多个字段的组合,填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空(NULL)
- 一个表可以存在多个
- 外键约束:一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
- 检查性约束
索引:将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存,并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有:
- 数据库:database
- 表:table,由行(row)和列(column)组成
- 索引:index
- 视图:view
- 用户:user
- 权限:privilege
- 存储过程:procedure
- 存储函数:function
- 触发器:trigger
- 事件调度器:event scheduler
SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型:
- DDL:Data Defination Language,数据定义语言
- DML:Data Manipulation Language,数据操纵语言
- DCL:Data Control Language,数据控制语言
SQL语句类型 | 对应操作 |
---|---|
DDL | CREATE:创建 DROP:删除 ALTER:修改 |
DML | INSERT:向表中插入数据 DELETE:删除表中数据 UPDATE:更新表中数据 SELECT:查询表中数据 |
DCL | GRANT:授权 REVOKE:移除授权 |
mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种:
- 源代码:编译安装
- 二进制格式的程序包:展开至特定路径,并经过简单配置后即可使用
- 程序包管理器管理的程序包:
- rpm:有两种
- OS Vendor:操作系统发行商提供的
- 项目官方提供的
- deb
- rpm:有两种
编译安装mysql
https://repo.mysql.com/mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm //下载157这版本的rpm包
[root@mingzi ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
[root@mingzi ~]# rpm -ivh mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm
warning: mysql57-community-release-el7-10.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 5072e1f5: NOKEY
Verifying... ################################# [100%]
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:mysql57-community-release-el7-10 ################################# [100%]
//安装
Index of /232905/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7打开这个链接,下载5个依赖包
[root@mingzi ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
mysql-community-client-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-common-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-devel-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-libs-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
mysql-community-server-5.7.37-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
//下载好查看这5个rpm包,把多余的rpm包删除
[root@mingzi ~]# yum -y install *.rpm
//打包安装5个rpm包
mysql配置
设置开机自启
[root@mingzi ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; ven>
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
[root@mingzi ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld
[root@mingzi ~]# systemctl status mysqld
● mysqld.service - MySQL Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service; enabled; ven>
Active: active (running) since Mon 2022-04-18 14:00:46 CST; 51s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
Process: 12852 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var>
Process: 12802 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysqld_pre_systemd (code=exited,>
Main PID: 12854 (mysqld)
Tasks: 27 (limit: 11217)
Memory: 294.3M
CGroup: /system.slice/mysqld.service
└─12854 /usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/var/run/mys>
Apr 18 14:00:43 mingzi systemd[1]: Starting MySQL Server...
Apr 18 14:00:46 mingzi systemd[1]: Started MySQL Server.
查看端口号
[root@mingzi ~]# ss -ant
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
ESTAB 0 0 192.168.80.3:22 192.168.80.1:64468
ESTAB 0 52 192.168.80.3:22 192.168.80.1:59195
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
过滤出mysql的临时密码
[root@mingzi ~]# grep 'password' /var/log/mysqld.log
2022-04-18T06:00:44.028092Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: l/)L%pqib2.T
l/)L%pqib2.T
使用-uroot,输入临时密码进入数据库
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -ueoot -p'l/)L%pqib2.T'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'eoot'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -uroot -p'l/)L%pqib2.T'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.37
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
设置新的密码:大写小写数字字符满足条件
mysql> set password = password('Mingzi540..');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql>
//加上括号是为了给密码加密
使用新密码登录
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Mingzi540..'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.37 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
//为避免mysql自动升级,这里需要卸载最开始安装的yum源
rpm -e mysql57-community-release
mysql的程序组成
- 客户端
- mysql:CLI交互式客户端程序
- mysql_secure_installation:安全初始化,强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
- mysqldump:mysql备份工具
- mysqladmin
- 服务器端
- mysqld
使用Navicat fo mysql 链接客户端
先关闭防火墙
[root@mingzi ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@mingzi ~]# setenforce 0
[root@mingzi ~]# vi /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled
给真机ip做一个授权
mysql> GRANT all ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.80.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'Mingzi540..';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
链接成功
mysql工具使用
//查看当前使用的mysql版本
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -V
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.37, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
//不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出,常用于脚本
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -uroot -p'Mingzi540..' -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
[root@mingzi ~]# mysql -uroot -p -e 'SHOW DATABASES;'
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
//注意,不推荐直接在命令行里直接用-pPASSWORD的方式登录,而是使用-p选项,然后交互式输入密码