本文首先介绍下eta-expansion概念,以及其对下划线的expand的解析规则和匿名函数简写注意事项,最后通过例子解析加深读者的理解
eta-expansion概念:
把 x => func(x) 简化为 func _ 或 func 的过程称为 eta-conversion
把 func 或 func _ 展开为 x => func(x) 的过程为 eta-expansion
Eta Expansion的就近expand解析原则:
Underscores extend outwards to the closest closing Expr : top-level expressions or expressions in parentheses
匿名函数简写注意事项:
所以当匿名函数有多个括号嵌套的时候,不要使用_的简写方式 ,而应该用普通匿名函数的书写方式。比如 (x:Int,y:Int)=> (x*2)+f(y+2)
例子解析:
例子1:
scala> List(1,2,3).map(_*2)
res6: List[Int] = List(2, 4, 6)
scala> List(1,2,3).map(_*2+1)
res14: List[Int] = List(3, 5, 7)
但是吧_*2 换成(_*2) 则出错,因为根据就近原则 _*2 会在最近的括号中解析成匿名函数 为(x$1) => x$1.$times(2), 变成为(x=>x*2) +1 , 而期望的是(x)=>(x*2)+1
scala> List(1,2,3).map((_*2)+1)
<console>:8: error: missing parameter type for expanded function ((x$1) => x$1.$times(2))
List(1,2,3).map((_*2)+1)
^
如果括号内只有_ 本身,则_本身构不成一个表达式expressions,所以如下是允许的
scala> List(1,2,3).map((_)+1)
res8: List[Int] = List(2, 3, 4)
例子2:
scala> List(1,2,3,4).foreach(print _)
1234
_本身构不成一个表达式:expressions,所以如下是允许的
scala> List(1,2,3,4).foreach(print(_))
1234
(_.toString) 是一个在括号()里的表达式,会expand解析成匿名函数,而print期望的String类型的值,所以编译报错
scala> List(1,2,3,4).foreach(print(_.toString))
<console>:8: error: missing parameter type for expanded function ((x$1) => x$1.toString)
List(1,2,3,4).foreach(println(_.toString))
^
例子3:
val myStrings = new Array[String](3)
// do some string initialization
// this works
myStrings.foreach(println(_))
// ERROR: missing parameter type for expanded function
myStrings.foreach(println(_.toString))
It expands to:
myStrings.foreach(println(x => x.toString))
You want:
myStrings.foreach(x => println(x.toString))
The placeholder syntax for anonymous functions replaces the smallest possible containing expression with a function.
keywords:error: missing parameter type for expanded function
Eta Expansion
The usage of placeholder syntax for anonymous functions is restricted to expressions.
参考如下:
This has already been addressed in a related question. Underscores extend outwards to the closest closing Expr
: top-level expressions or expressions in parentheses.
(_.toString)
is an expression in parentheses. The argument you are passing to Exception
in the error case is therefore, after expansion, the full anonymous function (x$1) => x$1.toString
of type A <: Any => String
, while Exception
expects a String
.
In the println
case, _
by itself isn't of syntactic category Expr
, but (println (_))
is, so you get the expected (x$0) => println(x$0)
.