Linux下安装Python3笔记

Linux 编译安装Python

下载

下载指定版本（我这里下载的是Python3.6.8），使用淘宝镜像源地址下（https://npmmirror.com/mirrors）

[root@centos-7 tmp]# wget https://npmmirror.com/mirrors/python/3.6.8/Python-3.6.8.tgz
--2021-11-12 14:43:56--  https://npmmirror.com/mirrors/python/3.6.8/Python-3.6.8.tgz
Resolving npmmirror.com (npmmirror.com)... 47.96.233.62
Connecting to npmmirror.com (npmmirror.com)|47.96.233.62|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: https://oss.npmmirror.com/dist/python/3.6.8/Python-3.6.8.tgz [following]
--2021-11-12 14:43:56--  https://oss.npmmirror.com/dist/python/3.6.8/Python-3.6.8.tgz
Resolving oss.npmmirror.com (oss.npmmirror.com)... 119.96.71.242, 119.96.71.248, 119.96.71.243, ...
Connecting to oss.npmmirror.com (oss.npmmirror.com)|119.96.71.242|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 23010188 (22M) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘Python-3.6.8.tgz’

100%[======================================================================================================================================================================================================>] 23,010,188  11.2MB/s   in 2.0s   

2021-11-12 14:43:58 (11.2 MB/s) - ‘Python-3.6.8.tgz’ saved [23010188/23010188]

安装依赖包

yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel
...
...
Complete!

安装编译器gcc

yum -y install gcc
...
...
Complete!

解压

tar -zxvf Python-3.6.8.tgz

安装

配置安装目录

cd Python-3.6.8
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python3

编译源码

make

执行源码安装

make install
...
...
Requirement already up-to-date: setuptools in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages (40.6.2)
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages (18.1)

静静等待安装完成，可以看出setuptools与pip已经安装完成，接下来就是配置环境了。

创建软连接

先看一下Linux系统自带python

[root@centos-7 local]# python -V
Python 2.7.5

自带的python为2.7版本，而且该版本在yum命令中会使用到，因此我们最好不去修改该python。

看一下当前python软连接数

[root@centos-7 local]# ll /usr/bin/python*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    7 Aug 11 01:59 /usr/bin/python -> python2
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    9 Nov 10 14:53 /usr/bin/python2 -> python2.7
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7144 Nov 17  2020 /usr/bin/python2.7

我们只需要在软连接中加一个python3，用来调用即可

[root@centos-7 local]# ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/python3  /usr/bin/python3
[root@centos-7 local]# ll /usr/bin/python*
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    7 Aug 11 01:59 /usr/bin/python -> python2
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root    9 Nov 10 14:53 /usr/bin/python2 -> python2.7
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 7144 Nov 17  2020 /usr/bin/python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root   30 Nov 12 15:11 /usr/bin/python3 -> /usr/local/python3/bin/python3

可以看出多了一个python3，对应的是我们安装python3的地址

验证Python

[root@centos-7 local]# python3 -V
Python 3.6.8

pip3也需要创建一条软连接用来访问

[root@centos-7 local]# ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3  /usr/bin/pip3
[root@centos-7 local]# ll /usr/bin/pip*
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 282 Sep  3  2020 /usr/bin/pip
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 284 Sep  3  2020 /usr/bin/pip2
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 288 Sep  3  2020 /usr/bin/pip2.7
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root  27 Nov 12 15:16 /usr/bin/pip3 -> /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3

验证pip3

[root@centos-7 local]# pip3 -V
pip 18.1 from /usr/local/python3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)

至此python3即安装成功，需要使用python3，pip3来访问。配置pip镜像源地址和Windows一样，这里就不做介绍了。

个人感觉设置软连接后就不需要设置环境变量了，因为软连接的地址就是在环境变量path下，相当于在环境变量目录下创建了一个快捷访问方式。