【Springcloud专栏六】Ribbon负载均衡

什么是负载均衡

    是建立在现有网络结构之上，扩展服务器带宽、吞吐量、加强网络数据处理能力、提高网络的灵活性和可用性。将负载（工作任务）进行平衡、分摊到多个操作单元上进行运行

负载均衡的实现

        硬件和软件，软件：LVS、Nginx

负载均衡的实现方式有服务端负载：

例如nginx，进行反向代理，用户首先请求反向代理服务器nginx，由nginx转发请求到真正的服务器上，不会对用户暴露真实服务器IP

 

 

客户端负载均衡：

Ribbon客户端负载均衡一般配合Eureka使用

1、Eureka Server维护一份服务列表，客户端调用时Ribbon拉取服务列表

2、然后根据负载均衡算法获取目标服务，

客户端负载均衡的使用

    1、不使用Ribbon实现负载均衡

        

@RestController
@RequestMapping("consumer")
public class ConsumerController {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;// HTTP调用

    @Autowired
    private DiscoveryClient discoveryClient;//通过id获取实例

    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public User queryById(@PathVariable("id")BigDecimal id){
        // 根据服务id获取实例
        List<ServiceInstance> instances = discoveryClient.getInstances("user-service"); // 获取服务列表
        // 从实例中取出ip和端口
        ServiceInstance instance = instances.get(0);// 这里根据算法实现负载均衡
        String url = "http://" + instance.getHost() + ":" + instance.getPort() + "/user/" + id;
        System.out.println(url);
        System.out.println(instances.size());
        return restTemplate.getForObject(url, User.class);
    }
}

    2、RibbonLoadBalancerClient实现负载均衡【默认算法：轮询】

        2.1、引入依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>cloud-demo</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.wan.demo</groupId>
        <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>consumer-service</artifactId>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!--Eureka客户端-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!--负载均衡-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!--hystrix-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!--feign-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

        2.2、实现负载

@RestController
@RequestMapping("consumer")
@DefaultProperties(defaultFallback = "queryByIdFallback")
public class ConsumerController {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Autowired
    private RibbonLoadBalancerClient client;

    
    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String queryById(@PathVariable("id")BigDecimal id){
        
        // 根据服务id获取实例，负载均衡算法默认轮询
        ServiceInstance instance = client.choose("user-service");
        String url = "http://" + instance.getHost() + ":" + instance.getPort() + "/user/" + id;
        return restTemplate.getForObject(url, String.class);
    }
}

    3、@LoadBalanced注解【拦截器的实现方式实现负载均衡】

加了@LoadBalanced注解之后远程调用url不能写IP和port，直接用serviceId调用，由ribbon实现负载均衡，否则会报异常

启动类：

@EnableCircuitBreaker  // 服务熔断
@EnableDiscoveryClient // 内部既能兼容eurake又能兼容zookeeper
@SpringBootApplication(exclude={DataSourceAutoConfiguration.class})
//@SpringCloudApplication
public class ConsumerApplication {

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ConsumerApplication.class);
    }
}

controller类：

@RestController
@RequestMapping("consumer")
@DefaultProperties(defaultFallback = "queryByIdFallback")
public class ConsumerController {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @RequestMapping(value = "/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String queryById(@PathVariable("id")BigDecimal id){
        String url = "http://user-service/user/" + id; // 加了@LoadBalanced注解之后这里不能写IP，已经自动负载均衡过了
        String user = restTemplate.getForObject(url, String.class);
        return user;
    }
}