lamp
文章目录
1. lamp简介
LAMP是指一组通常一起使用来运行动态网站或者服务器的自由软件名称首字母缩写:
2. web服务器工作流程
在说lamp架构平台的搭建前,我们先来了解下什么是CGI,什么是FastCGI,什么是…
web服务器的资源分为两种,静态资源和动态资源
- 静态资源就是指静态内容,客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
- 动态资源则通常是程序文件,需要在服务器执行之后,将执行的结果返回给客户端
那么web服务器如何执行程序并将结果返回给客户端呢?下面通过一张图来说明一下web服务器如何处理客户端的请求
如上图所示
阶段①显示的是httpd服务器(即apache)和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信,且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系,但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
2.1 cgi与fastcgi
上图阶段①中提到了FastCGI,下面我们来了解下CGI与FastCGI。
CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口),CGI是外部应用程序(CGI程序)与WEB服务器之间的接口标准,是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序,并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器,CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。
FastCGI(Fast Common Gateway Interface)是CGI的改良版,CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求,耗时且耗资源,而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求,即启动一个master主进程,然后根据配置启动几个worker进程,当请求进来时,master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求,这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
2.2 httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种:
- modules:php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在,需要加载动态资源时,httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
- httpd prefork:libphp5.so(多进程模型的php)
- httpd event or worker:libphp5-zts.so(线程模型的php)
- CGI:httpd需要加载动态资源时,通过CGI与php解释器联系,获得php执行的结果,此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
- FastCGI:利用php-fpm机制,启动为服务进程,php自行运行为一个服务,https通过socket与php通信
较于CGI方式,FastCGI更为常用,很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源
2.3 web工作流程
通过上面的图说明一下web的工作流程:
- 客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
- web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
- 若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端。
- 否则若为动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系,通过CGI程序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资源,并将执行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器,httpd服务器收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时,由Php服务器通过mysql协议与MySQL/MariaDB服务器交互,取之而后返回给httpd,httpd将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。
3. lamp平台构建
环境说明:
系统 | 主机名 | IP | 需要安装的服务 |
---|---|---|---|
redhat | localhost1 | 172.16.92.128 | httpd-2.4 |
redhat | localhost2 | 172.16.92.129 | mysql-5.7 |
redhat | localhost3 | 172.16.92.130 | php-7.4 |
lamp平台软件安装次序:
httpd --> mysql --> php
注意:php要求httpd使用prefork MPM
3.1 安装httpd
//配置yum源
[root@localhost1 ~]# curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
[root@localhost1 ~]# sed -i 's#\$releasever#7#g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[root@localhost1 ~]# sed -i -e '/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/d' -e '/mirrors.aliyuncs.com/d' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
[root@localhost1 ~]# yum makecache
[root@localhost1 ~]# yum -y install vim wget unzip
//安装开发工具包
[root@localhost1 ~]# yum groups mark install 'Development Tools'
//创建apache服务的用户和组
[root@localhost1 ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin apache
//安装依赖包
[root@localhost1 ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool gcc gcc-c++
//下载和安装apr以及apr-util
[root@localhost1 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost1 src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost1 src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost1 src]# tar xf apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost1 src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost1 src]# ls
apr-1.7.0 apr-util-1.6.1 debug
apr-1.7.0.tar.gz apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz kernels
[root@localhost1 src]# cd apr-1.7.0/
[root@localhost1 apr-1.7.0]# vim configure
cfgfile="${ofile}T"
trap "$RM \"$cfgfile\"; exit 1" 1 2 15
# $RM "$cfgfile" //将此行加上注释,或者删除此行
//安装apr
[root@localhost1 apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost1 apr-1.7.0]# make && make install
//安装apr-util
[root@localhost1 apr-1.7.0]# cd ../apr-util-1.6.1/
[root@localhost1 apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost1 apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
//编译安装httpd
[root@localhost1 apr-util-1.6.1]# cd ..
[root@localhost1 src]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.43.tar.gz
[root@localhost1 src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.43.tar.gz
[root@localhost1 src]# cd httpd-2.4.43/
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.4.43]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.4.43]# make && make install
//安装后配置
[root@localhost1 httpd-2.4.43]# cd /usr/local/apache/
[root@localhost1 apache]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost1 apache]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost1 apache]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include /usr/include/httpd
[root@localhost1 apache]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man //添加此行
[root@localhost1 apache]# cd /etc/httpd24/
[root@localhost1 httpd24]# vim httpd.conf
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
ServerName www.example.com:80 //取消此行注释
//启动apache
[root@localhost1 ~]# apachectl start
[root@localhost1 ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 [::1]:25 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:80 [::]:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
3.2 安装mysql
//配置yum源
//方法同上
[root@localhost2 ~]# yum -y install vim wget
//安装依赖包
[root@localhost2 ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
//创建用户和组
[root@localhost2 ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -u 306 mysql
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[root@localhost2 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost2 src]# wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.7/mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
//解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@localhost2 src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost2 src]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost2 local]# ln -s mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[root@localhost2 local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql*
[root@localhost2 local]# ll -d mysql
lrwxrwxrwx 1 mysql mysql 36 Jul 7 22:28 mysql -> mysql-5.7.30-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/
//添加环境变量
[root@localhost2 local]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost2 local]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
//配置mysql
[root@localhost2 ~]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/local/include/mysql
[root@localhost2 ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man //添加此行
[root@localhost2 ~]# echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[root@localhost2 ~]# ldconfig
//建立数据存放目录
[root@localhost2 ~]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@localhost2 ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
[root@localhost2 ~]# ll /opt/
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 mysql mysql 6 Jul 7 22:35 data
//初始化数据库
[root@localhost2 ~]# mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data
//生成配置文件
[root@localhost2 ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF
//配置服务启动脚本
[root@localhost2 ~]# cp /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost2 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
[root@localhost2 ~]# sed -ri 's#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g' /etc/init.d/mysqld
//启动mysql
[root@localhost2 ~]# chkconfig --add mysqld
[root@localhost2 ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/opt/data/localhost.localdomain.err'.
SUCCESS!
//修改密码
[root@localhost2 ~]# mysql -uroot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password = password('12321'); //设置新密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
3.3 安装php
//配置yum源
//配置同上
[root@localhost3 ~]# yum -y install epel-release wget vim unzip mariadb
[root@localhost3 ~]# wget http://rpms.remirepo.net/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm
[root@localhost3 ~]# rpm -Uvh remi-release-7.rpm
[root@localhost3 ~]# yum makecache fast --enablerepo=remi-php74
//安装依赖包
[root@localhost3 ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php74-php-mysqlnd libsqlite3x-devel oniguruma-devel gcc gcc-c++
//下载php
[root@localhost3 ~]# cd /usr/src/
[root@localhost3 src]# wget https://www.php.net/distributions/php-7.4.7.tar.xz
[root@localhost3 src]# tar xf php-7.4.7.tar.xz
[root@localhost3 src]# cd php-7.4.7/
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7 \
--with-config-file-path=/etc \
--enable-fpm \
--enable-inline-optimization \
--disable-debug \
--disable-rpath \
--enable-shared \
--enable-soap \
--with-openssl \
--enable-bcmath \
--with-iconv \
--with-bz2 \
--enable-calendar \
--with-curl \
--enable-exif \
--enable-ftp \
--with-gd \
--with-jpeg-dir \
--with-png-dir \
--with-zlib-dir \
--with-freetype-dir \
--with-gettext \
--enable-json \
--enable-mbstring \
--enable-pdo \
--with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
--with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
--with-readline \
--enable-shmop \
--enable-simplexml \
--enable-sockets \
--enable-zip \
--enable-mysqlnd-compression-support \
--with-pear \
--enable-pcntl \
--enable-posix
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# make && make install
//安装后配置
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
//配置php-fpm
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
//编辑php-fpm的配置文件(/usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf):
//配置fpm的相关选项为你所需要的值:
[root@localhost3 php-7.4.7]# cd
[root@localhost3 ~]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
.....
.....
pm.max_children = 50 ;最多同时提供50个进程提供50个并发服务
pm.start_servers = 5 ;启动时启动5个进程
pm.min_spare_servers = 2 ;最小空闲进程数
pm.max_spare_servers = 8 ;最大空闲进程数
//启动php-fpm
[root@localhost3 ~]# vim /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
listen = 0.0.0.0:9000 //修改此处IP地址
[root@localhost3 ~]# chkconfig --add php-fpm
[root@localhost3 ~]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm done
3.4 配置lamp
3.4.1 启用代理模块
在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现,此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so,它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展,因此,这两个模块都要加载,编辑httpd.conf文件,取消以下两行内容的注释:
- LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
- LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so
[root@localhost1 ~]# sed -i '/proxy_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[root@localhost1 ~]# sed -i '/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
3.4.2 配置寻仙游戏
在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行:
ProxyRequests Off //关闭正向代理
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$1
例如:
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/html/idfsoft.com/$1
以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程,php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI,所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数,其它参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装,不需要手动指定。
注意:
这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录,这里必须改成你编译安装指定的网页存放路径,禁止直接复制我这里的路径
这里的idfsoft.com是域名,你必须改成你所使用的域名,禁止直接复制此处的域名
这里的$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求
- apache配置
//修改localhost1的配置文件
[root@localhost1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//在配置文件的最后加入以下内容
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/xunxian"
ServerName game.xunxian.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://172.16.92.130:9000/xunxian/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/xunxian">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
[root@localhost1 ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//搜索AddType,添加以下内容
# If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
# probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
#
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php #添加此行
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps #添加此行
[root@localhost1 ~]# sed -i '/ DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g' /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//重启apache服务
[root@localhost1 ~]# apachectl restart
- MySQL配置
//在localhost2上授权localhost3访问
[root@localhost2 ~]# mysql -uroot -p12321
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> grant all on *.* to root@172.16.92.130 identified by '12321';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (1.83 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
- php配置
//在localhost3上创建寻仙游戏目录
[root@localhost3 ~]# mkdir /xunxian
//解压下载好的寻仙小游戏
[root@localhost3 ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg remi-release-7.rpm xunxian.zip
[root@localhost3 ~]# unzip xunxian.zip
[root@localhost3 ~]# cp -rf xunxian/WWW/* /xunxian
[root@localhost3 ~]# ls /xunxian/
class game game - 副本.php index.php js pay reguser.php
css game.php images index - 副本.php npc pdo.php renwu
//修改pdo.php文件
[root@localhost3 ~]# vim /xunxian/pdo.php
<?php
$sqlname='root';
$sqlpass='12321'; //修改密码
$dbhost='172.16.92.129'; 修改IP地址
$dbname='game';
//将/xunxian里所有内容传给主机localhost1
[root@localhost3 ~]# scp -r /xunxian root@172.16.92.128:/usr/local/apache/htdocs/
//导入数据库
[root@localhost3 ~]# cd xunxian
[root@localhost3 xunxian]# ls
game.sql WWW
[root@localhost3 xunxian]# mysql -uroot -p12321 -h172.16.92.129
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MySQL [(none)]> create database game;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
MySQL [(none)]> use game
Database changed
MySQL [game]> source game.sql
MySQL [game]> quit
Bye
//重启php
[root@localhost3 xunxian]# service php-fpm restart
Gracefully shutting down php-fpm . done
Starting php-fpm done
//重启apache
[root@localhost1 ~]# apachectl restart
3.5 验证
在浏览器上使用域名访问,若看到以下界面则表示lamp架构搭建成功,否则请检查你的操作