2.5 Clustering
ActiveMQ从多种不同的方面提供了集群的支持。
2.5.1 Queue consumer clusters
ActiveMQ支持订阅同一个queue的consumers上的集群。如果一个consumer失效,那么所有未被确认 (unacknowledged)的消息都会被发送到这个queue上其它的consumers。如果某个consumer的处理速度比其它 consumers更快,那么这个consumer就会消费更多的消息。
需要注意的是,笔者发现AcitveMQ5.0版本的Queue consumer clusters存在一个bug:采用AMQ Message Store,运行一个producer,两个consumer,并采用如下的配置文件:
- <beans>
- <broker xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0" brokerName="BugBroker1" useJmx="true">
- <transportConnectors>
- <transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:61616"/>
- </transportConnectors>
- <persistenceAdapter>
- <amqPersistenceAdapter directory="activemq-data/BugBroker1" maxFileLength="32mb"/>
- </persistenceAdapter>
- </broker>
- </beans>
<beans> <broker xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0" brokerName="BugBroker1" useJmx="true"> <transportConnectors> <transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:61616"/> </transportConnectors> <persistenceAdapter> <amqPersistenceAdapter directory="activemq-data/BugBroker1" maxFileLength="32mb"/> </persistenceAdapter> </broker> </beans>
那么经过一段时间后可能会报出如下错误:
ERROR [ActiveMQ Transport: tcp:///127.0.0.1:1843 - RecoveryListenerAdapter.java:58 - RecoveryListenerAdapter] Message id ID:versus-1837-1203915536609-0:2:1:1:419 could not be recovered from the data store!
Apache官方文档说,此bug已经被修正,预定在5.1.0版本上体现。
2.5.2 Broker clusters
一个常见的场景是有多个JMS broker,有一个客户连接到其中一个broker。如果这个broker失效,那么客户会自动重新连接到其它的broker。在ActiveMQ中使 用failover:// 协议来实现这个功能。ActiveMQ3.x版本的reliable://协议已经变更为failover://。
如果某个网络上有多个brokers而且客户使用静态发现(使用Static Transport或Failover Transport)或动态发现(使用Discovery Transport),那么客户可以容易地在某个broker失效的情况下切换到其它的brokers。然而,stand alone brokers并不了解其它brokers上的consumers,也就是说如果某个broker上没有consumers,那么这个broker上的消 息可能会因得不到处理而积压起来。目前的解决方案是使用Network of brokers,以便在broker之间存储转发消息。ActiveMQ在未来会有更好的特性,用来在客户端处理这个问题。
从ActiveMQ1.1版本起,ActiveMQ支持networks of brokers。它支持分布式的queues和topics。一个broker会相同对待所有的订阅(subscription):不管他们是来自本地的 客户连接,还是来自远程broker,它都会递送有关的消息拷贝到每个订阅。远程broker得到这个消息拷贝后,会依次把它递送到其内部的本地连接上。 有两种方式配置Network of brokers,一种是使用static transport,如下:
- <broker brokerName="receiver" persistent="false" useJmx="false">
- <transportConnectors>
- <transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:62002"/>
- </transportConnectors>
- <networkConnectors>
- <networkConnector uri="static:( tcp://localhost:61616,tcp://remotehost:61616)"/>
- </networkConnectors>
- …
- </broker>
<broker brokerName="receiver" persistent="false" useJmx="false"> <transportConnectors> <transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:62002"/> </transportConnectors> <networkConnectors> <networkConnector uri="static:( tcp://localhost:61616,tcp://remotehost:61616)"/> </networkConnectors> … </broker>另外一种是使用multicast discovery,如下:
- <broker name="sender" persistent="false" useJmx="false">
- <transportConnectors>
- <transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:0" discoveryUri="multicast://default"/>
- </transportConnectors>
- <networkConnectors>
- <networkConnector uri="multicast://default"/>
- </networkConnectors>
- ...
- </broker>
<broker name="sender" persistent="false" useJmx="false"> <transportConnectors> <transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:0" discoveryUri="multicast://default"/> </transportConnectors> <networkConnectors> <networkConnector uri="multicast://default"/> </networkConnectors> ... </broker>Network Connector有以下属性:
Property | Default Value | Description |
name | bridge | name of the network - for more than one network connector between the same two brokers - use different names |
dynamicOnly | false | if true, only forward messages if a consumer is active on the connected broker |
decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority | false | decrease the priority for dispatching to a Queue consumer the further away it is (in network hops) from the producer |
networkTTL | 1 | the number of brokers in the network that messages and subscriptions can pass through |
conduitSubscriptions | true | multiple consumers subscribing to the same destination are treated as one consumer by the network |
excludedDestinations | empty | destinations matching this list won't be forwarded across the network |
dynamicallyIncludedDestinations | empty | destinations that match this list will be forwarded across the network n.b. an empty list means all destinations not in the excluded list will be forwarded |
staticallyIncludedDestinations | empty | destinations that match will always be passed across the network - even if no consumers have ever registered an interest |
duplex | false | if true, a network connection will be used to both produce AND Consume messages. This is useful for hub and spoke scenarios when the hub is behind a firewall etc. |
关于conduitSubscriptions属性,这里稍稍说明一下。设想有两个brokers,分别是brokerA和brokerB,它们之间用 forwarding bridge连接。有一个consumer连接到brokerA并订阅queue:Q.TEST。有两个consumers连接到brokerB,也是订 阅queue:Q.TEST。这三个consumers有相同的优先级。然后启动一个producer,它发送了30条消息到brokerA。如果 conduitSubscriptions=true,那么brokerA上的consumer会得到15条消息, 另外15条消息会发送给brokerB。此时负载并不均衡,因为此时brokerA将brokerB上的两个consumers视为一个;如果 conduitSubscriptions=false,那么每个consumer上都会收到10条消息。以下是关于NetworkConnector属 性的一个例子:
- <networkConnectors>
- <networkConnector uri="static://(tcp://localhost:61617)"
- name="bridge" dynamicOnly="false" conduitSubscriptions="true"
- decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="false">
- <excludedDestinations>
- <queue physicalName="exclude.test.foo"/>
- <topic physicalName="exclude.test.bar"/>
- </excludedDestinations>
- <dynamicallyIncludedDestinations>
- <queue physicalName="include.test.foo"/>
- <topic physicalName="include.test.bar"/>
- </dynamicallyIncludedDestinations>
- <staticallyIncludedDestinations>
- <queue physicalName="always.include.queue"/>
- <topic physicalName="always.include.topic"/>
- </staticallyIncludedDestinations>
- </networkConnector>
- </networkConnectors>
<networkConnectors> <networkConnector uri="static://(tcp://localhost:61617)" name="bridge" dynamicOnly="false" conduitSubscriptions="true" decreaseNetworkConsumerPriority="false"> <excludedDestinations> <queue physicalName="exclude.test.foo"/> <topic physicalName="exclude.test.bar"/> </excludedDestinations> <dynamicallyIncludedDestinations> <queue physicalName="include.test.foo"/> <topic physicalName="include.test.bar"/> </dynamicallyIncludedDestinations> <staticallyIncludedDestinations> <queue physicalName="always.include.queue"/> <topic physicalName="always.include.topic"/> </staticallyIncludedDestinations> </networkConnector> </networkConnectors>
2.5.3 Master Slave
在一个网络内运行多个brokers或者stand alone brokers时存在一个问题,这就是消息在物理上只被一个broker持有,因此当某个broker失效,那么你只能等待直到它重启后,这个 broker上的消息才能够被继续发送(如果没有设置持久化,那么在这种情况下,消息将会丢失)。Master Slave 背后的想法是,消息被复制到slave broker,因此即使master broker遇到了像硬件故障之类的错误,你也可以立即切换到slave broker而不丢失任何消息。
Master Slave是目前ActiveMQ推荐的高可靠性和容错的解决方案。以下是几种不同的类型:
Master Slave Type | Requirements | Pros | Cons |
Pure Master Slave | None | No central point of failure | Requires manual restart to bring back a failed master and can only support 1 slave |
Shared File System Master Slave | A Shared File system such as a SAN | Run as many slaves as required. Automatic recovery of old masters | Requires shared file system |
JDBC Master Slave | A Shared database | Run as many slaves as required. Automatic recovery of old masters | Requires a shared database. Also relatively slow as it cannot use the high performance journal |
2.5.3.1 Pure Master Slave
Pure Master Slave的工作方式如下:
- Slave broker消费master broker上所有的消息状态,例如消息、确认和事务状态等。只要slave broker连接到了master broker,它不会(也不被允许)启动任何network connectors或者transport connectors,所以唯一的目的就是复制master broker的状态。
- Master broker只有在消息成功被复制到slave broker之后才会响应客户。例如,客户的commit请求只有在master broker和slave broker都处理完毕commit请求之后才会结束。
- 当master broker失效的时候,slave broker有两种选择,一种是slave broker启动所有的network connectors和transport connectors,这允许客户端切换到slave broker;另外一种是slave broker停止。这种情况下,slave broker只是复制了master broker的状态。
- 客户应该使用failover transport并且应该首先尝试连接master broker。例如:
failover://(tcp://masterhost:61616,tcp://slavehost:61616)?randomize=false
设置randomize为false就可以让客户总是首先尝试连接master broker(slave broker并不会接受任何连接,直到它成为了master broker)。
Pure Master Slave具有以下限制:
- 只能有一个slave broker连接到master broker。
- 在因master broker失效而导致slave broker成为master之后,之前的master broker只有在当前的master broker(原slave broker)停止后才能重新生效。
- Master broker失效后而切换到slave broker后,最安全的恢复master broker的方式是人工处理。首先要停止slave broker(这意味着所有的客户也要停止)。然后把slave broker的数据目录中所有的数据拷贝到master broker的数据目录中。然后重启master broker和slave broker。
Master broker不需要特殊的配置。Slave broker需要进行以下配置
- <broker masterConnectorURI="tcp://masterhost:62001" shutdownOnMasterFailure="false">
- ...
- <transportConnectors>
- <transportConnector uri="tcp://slavehost:61616"/>
- </transportConnectors>
- </broker>
<broker masterConnectorURI="tcp://masterhost:62001" shutdownOnMasterFailure="false"> ... <transportConnectors> <transportConnector uri="tcp://slavehost:61616"/> </transportConnectors> </broker>
其中的masterConnectorURI用于指向master broker,shutdownOnMasterFailure用于指定slave broker在master broker失效的时候是否需要停止。此外,也可以使用如下配置:
- <broker brokerName="slave" useJmx="false" deleteAllMessagesOnStartup="true" xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0">
- ...
- <services>
- <masterConnector remoteURI= "tcp://localhost:62001" userName="user" password="password"/>
- </services>
- </broker>
<broker brokerName="slave" useJmx="false" deleteAllMessagesOnStartup="true" xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0"> ... <services> <masterConnector remoteURI= "tcp://localhost:62001" userName="user" password="password"/> </services> </broker>
需要注意的是,笔者认为ActiveMQ5.0版本的Pure Master Slave仍然不够稳定。
2.5.3.2 Shared File System Master Slave
如果你使用SAN或者共享文件系统,那么你可以使用Shared File System Master Slave。基本上,你可以运行多个broker,这些broker共享数据目录。当第一个broker得到文件上的排他锁之后,其它的broker便会 在循环中等待获得这把锁。客户端使用failover transport来连接到可用的broker。当master broker失效的时候会释放这把锁,这时候其中一个slave broker会得到这把锁从而成为master broker。以下是ActiveMQ配置的一个例子:
- <broker useJmx="false" xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0">
- <persistenceAdapter>
- <journaledJDBC dataDirectory="/sharedFileSystem/broker"/>
- </persistenceAdapter>
- …
- </broker>
<broker useJmx="false" xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0"> <persistenceAdapter> <journaledJDBC dataDirectory="/sharedFileSystem/broker"/> </persistenceAdapter> … </broker>
2.5.3.3 JDBC Master Slave
JDBC Master Slave的工作原理跟Shared File System Master Slave类似,只是采用了数据库作为持久化存储。以下是ActiveMQ配置的一个例子:
- <beans>
- <broker xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0" brokerName="JdbcMasterBroker">
- ...
- <persistenceAdapter>
- <jdbcPersistenceAdapter dataSource="#mysql-ds"/>
- </persistenceAdapter>
- </broker>
- <bean id="mysql-ds" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
- <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
- <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?relaxAutoCommit=true"/>
- <property name="username" value="username"/>
- <property name="password" value="passward"/>
- <property name="poolPreparedStatements" value="true"/>
- </bean>
- </beans>
<beans> <broker xmlns="http://activemq.org/config/1.0" brokerName="JdbcMasterBroker"> ... <persistenceAdapter> <jdbcPersistenceAdapter dataSource="#mysql-ds"/> </persistenceAdapter> </broker> <bean id="mysql-ds" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close"> <property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/> <property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/test?relaxAutoCommit=true"/> <property name="username" value="username"/> <property name="password" value="passward"/> <property name="poolPreparedStatements" value="true"/> </bean> </beans>
需要注意的是,如果你使用MySQL数据库,需要首先执行以下三条语句:(Apache官方文档说,此bug已经被修正,预定在5.1.0版本上体现)
- ALTER TABLE activemq_acks ENGINE = InnoDB;
- ALTER TABLE activemq_lock ENGINE = InnoDB;
- ALTER TABLE activemq_msgs ENGINE = InnoDB;