反射机制练习题
前面我们对反射机制的理论知识进行了学习，现在我们来实际应用，从而更加了解它。首先我们先创建Person类，和Teacher类继承Person类（包含注解），供我们反射使用，具体如下：
package com.atguigu.javase.reflect;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import org.junit.Test;
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) // 保持在运行时,才可以通过反射获取
@interface MyAnn {
String name() default "张三";
int age() default 30;
}
// 创建Person类，为完成反射提供一个简单的类
class Person {
public String gender;
public int height;
public double weight;
private void privateTest() {
System.out.println("Person.privateTest()");
}
}
// 创建Teacher类继承Person类
@MyAnn
public class Teacher extends Person implements Serializable, Comparable {
private static int counter = 100;
public static void test() {
System.out.println("static test()");
}
public String name;
private int age;
private double salary;
public Teacher() {
}
private Teacher(String name, int age, double salary) {
super();
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
}
public void eat(String something) {
System.out.println("老师在吃" + something);
}
public void eat(String something, int time) {
System.out.println("老师在吃" + something + "吃了" + time + "小时");
}
@MyAnn(name="李四", age=40)
private static final String concat(int i, double d, char c, boolean b) {
return "" + i + d + c + b;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Teacher [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", salary=" + salary + "]";
}
@Override
public int compareTo(Object o) {
return 0;
}
}
package com.atguigu.javase.reflect;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.Set;
import org.junit.Test;
public class ReflectTest {
// 正常方式创建对象，调用方法
@Test
public void test1() {
/*
Teacher t1 = new Teacher(); // 由JVM自动 加载类, 再创建对象.
t1.name = "小明";
t1.age = 20;
t1.salary = 1000;
System.out.println(t1.name);
System.out.println(t1.age);
System.out.println(t1.salary);
t1.eat("回锅肉");
System.out.println(t1);
*/
}
// 通过反射获取类的属性，以及私有属性的获取
@Test
public void test2() {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");// 根据类的全限定名称加载类并创建类模板对象,
//加载类的过程就是由类加载器读取Teacher.class二进制文件,由类加载器生成Class对象
// 类模板对象中包含了类中的属性的定义(Field对象)和方法的代码(Method对象)
Object object = clazz.newInstance(); // 对象的创建由方法来完成, 调用类的无参构造器创建对象
System.out.println(object);
//((Teacher)object).name = "小红";
//Field ageField = clazz.getField("age"); // 只能获取公共的属性
Field ageField = clazz.getDeclaredField("age"); // 只在在本类中声明了的属性, 就可以获取到!!!, 不受访问控制修饰
ageField.setAccessible(true);
ageField.set(object, 40);// 相当于object.age = 40;
System.out.println(ageField.get(object)); // System.out.println(object.age);
Field salaryField = clazz.getDeclaredField("salary");
System.out.println(salaryField);
salaryField.setAccessible(true); // 突破封装,实现私有成员的访问
salaryField.set(object, 5000);
System.out.println(salaryField.get(object));
Field nameField = clazz.getDeclaredField("name");
nameField.setAccessible(true); // 突破封装,实现私有成员的访问
nameField.set(object, "小红");
System.out.println(object);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { // 类名不正确, 根据类名找到.class文件
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InstantiationException e) { // 构造器调用错误!!
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) { // 构造器封装
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SecurityException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 通过反射获取类实现了哪些接口
@Test
public void test3() {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
Class superClazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
System.out.println(superClazz);
Class[] interfaceArr = clazz.getInterfaces();
for (int i = 0; i < interfaceArr.length; i++) {
System.out.println("实现接口:" + interfaceArr[i]);
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 创建对象的4种方法
@Test
public void test4() {
try {
//1) 常规使用, 软编码
Class clazz1 = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
//2) 最简单, 硬编码
Class clazz2 = Teacher.class;
System.out.println(clazz1 == clazz2);
//3) 比较灵活, 硬编码
Class clazz3 = new Teacher().getClass();
System.out.println(clazz2 == clazz3);
//4) 比较复杂, 先获取到类加载器对象,再手工加载类, 软编码
ClassLoader classLoader = this.getClass().getClassLoader();
Class clazz4 = classLoader.loadClass("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
System.out.println(clazz3 == clazz4);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 通过反射获取类加载器
@Test
public void test5() {
ClassLoader appClassLoader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
System.out.println(appClassLoader);
ClassLoader extClassLoader = appClassLoader.getParent();
System.out.println(extClassLoader);
ClassLoader bootstapClassLoader = extClassLoader.getParent();
System.out.println(bootstapClassLoader);
System.out.println("" + Object.class.getClassLoader());// 引导类加载器加载核心类
System.out.println("" + Person.class.getClassLoader());
}
@Test
public void test6() throws IOException {
// 通类加载器读取的资源文件的当前目录不是项目目录, 而是src目录
// src目录就是项目的classpath中的
// 可以直接从jar包中读取资源文件
//InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("resource.properties");
InputStream is = this.getClass().getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream("com/sun/corba/se/impl/logging/LogStrings.properties");
Properties properties = new Properties();
properties.load(is);
System.out.println(properties.getProperty("IOR.nullPoa"));
}
// 通过反射获取类的方法，并实现方法
@Test
public void test7() {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
Object object = clazz.newInstance();
Field nameField = clazz.getDeclaredField("name");
nameField.setAccessible(true);
nameField.set(object, "小明");
System.out.println(object);
// 调用方法
// 1) 从类模板对象中获取方法对象, getMethod会获取本类或者从父类继承的所有公共方式
Method eatMethod1 = clazz.getMethod("eat", String.class);
// 2) 通过方法对象间接调用自己
Object retValue = eatMethod1.invoke(object, "肉包子"); // object.eat("肉包子");
System.out.println("方法返回值:" + retValue);
Method eatMethod2 = clazz.getMethod("eat", String.class, int.class);
eatMethod2.invoke(object, "紫菜包饭", 5);
Method toStringMethod = clazz.getMethod("toString");
Object retValue2 = toStringMethod.invoke(object);
System.out.println(retValue2);
Method hashCodeMethod = clazz.getMethod("hashCode");
Object retValue3 = hashCodeMethod.invoke(object);
System.out.println(retValue3);
// 可以获取本类所有方法,包括私有方法
Method concatMethod = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("concat", int.class, double.class, char.class, boolean.class);
concatMethod.setAccessible(true);
Object retValue4 = concatMethod.invoke(object, 100, 3.14, '你', true);
System.out.println(retValue4);
System.out.println("修饰符:" + Modifier.toString(concatMethod.getModifiers()));
Annotation annotation = concatMethod.getAnnotation(Test.class); // 获取注解
System.out.println(annotation);
// getDeclaredMethod, 只能获取本类中声明的方法,从父类继承的无法拿到
//Method getClassMethod = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("getClass");
//System.out.println(getClassMethod);
// 获取父类的私有方法,并通过子类对象来调用, 也是可以成功的, 说明子类继承父类的所有成员!!
Method method = clazz.getSuperclass().getDeclaredMethod("privateTest");
method.setAccessible(true);
method.invoke(object);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SecurityException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 通过反射获取构造器对象，从而完成对象的创建
@Test
public void test8() {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
// 使用其他构造器创建对象
// 1) 先获取到构造器对象
//Constructor constructor = clazz.getConstructor(String.class, int.class, double.class);
Constructor constructor = clazz.getDeclaredConstructor(String.class, int.class, double.class);
int modifiers = constructor.getModifiers(); // 获取修饰符
Class[] typesClasses = constructor.getParameterTypes();
for (int i = 0; i < typesClasses.length; i++) {
System.out.println("构造器参数:" + typesClasses[i]);
}
System.out.println(Modifier.toString(modifiers));
constructor.setAccessible(true);
// 2) 间接调用构造器完成对象创建
Object object = constructor.newInstance("立超", 19, 10000);
System.out.println(object);
Constructor runtimeConstructor = Runtime.class.getDeclaredConstructor();
System.out.println(runtimeConstructor);
runtimeConstructor.setAccessible(true);
Object object2 = runtimeConstructor.newInstance();
System.out.println(object2);
System.out.println(Runtime.getRuntime());
System.out.println(Object.class.getSuperclass());
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SecurityException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 通过反射获取私有方法，注解
@Test
public void test9() {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
Annotation classannotation = clazz.getAnnotation(MyAnn.class);
System.out.println(classannotation);
// 可以获取本类所有方法,包括私有方法
Method concatMethod = clazz.getDeclaredMethod("concat", int.class, double.class, char.class, boolean.class);
System.out.println("修饰符:" + Modifier.toString(concatMethod.getModifiers()));
Annotation annotation = concatMethod.getAnnotation(MyAnn.class); // 获取注解
System.out.println(annotation);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 通过反射获取一个类的构造器，属性，方法
@Test
public void test10() throws Exception {
String className = "java.util.HashMap";
Class clazz = Class.forName(className);
Constructor[] allConstructors = clazz.getDeclaredConstructors(); // 本类中声明的所有构造器
for (int i = 0; i < allConstructors.length; i++) {
System.out.println(allConstructors[i]);
}
System.out.println("----------------------");
Field[] allFields = clazz.getDeclaredFields(); // 本类中声明的所有的属性
for (int i = 0; i < allFields.length; i++) {
System.out.println(allFields[i]);
}
Field[] allPublicFields = clazz.getFields(); // 获取本类及从父类继承的所有公共属性
for (int i = 0; i < allPublicFields.length; i++) {
System.out.println(allPublicFields[i]);
}
System.out.println("-----------------------------");
Method[] allMethods = clazz.getDeclaredMethods(); // 本类声明的所有方法
for (int i = 0; i < allMethods.length; i++) {
System.out.println(allMethods[i]);
}
Method[] allPublicMethods = clazz.getMethods(); // 获取本类及从父类继承的所有公共方法
for (int i = 0; i < allPublicMethods.length; i++) {
System.out.println(allPublicMethods[i]);
}
}
// 写一个方法printClassDetails(String className)
// 先打印类名和父类(getSuperClass())及实现的接口(getInterfaces())
// 在方法中打印类模板中的所有构造器,所有属性(包含从父类继承的公共属性), 所有方法(包含从父类继承的公共方法) 要求不要重复打印
// 打印的时候注意一下缩进
public void printClassDetails(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {
Class clazz = Class.forName(className);
System.out.print("public class " + clazz.getSimpleName() + " extends " + clazz.getSuperclass().getSimpleName());
System.out.print(" implements ");
Class[] allInterface = clazz.getInterfaces();
for (int i = 0; i < allInterface.length; i++) {
System.out.print(allInterface[i].getSimpleName() + ",");
}
System.out.println("{");
System.out.println();
Set<Field> allFields = new HashSet<Field>();
for (Field field : clazz.getFields()) {
allFields.add(field);
}
for (Field field : clazz.getDeclaredFields()) {
allFields.add(field);
}
Iterator<Field> iterator = allFields.iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
System.out.println("\t" + iterator.next());
}
System.out.println();
for (Constructor constructor : clazz.getDeclaredConstructors()) {
System.out.println("\t" + constructor);
}
System.out.println();
Set<Method> allMethods = new HashSet<Method>();
for (Method method : clazz.getMethods()) {
allMethods.add(method);
}
for (Method method : clazz.getDeclaredMethods()) {
allMethods.add(method);
}
System.out.println();
for (Method method : allMethods) {
System.out.println("\t" + method);
}
System.out.println("}");
}
// 调用printClassDetails方法
@Test
public void exer1() {
try {
printClassDetails("java.io.ObjectOutputStream");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 静态属性、静态方法的访问
@Test
public void test11() {
try {
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.atguigu.javase.reflect.Teacher");
//Object object = clazz.newInstance();
Field counterField = clazz.getDeclaredField("counter");
System.out.println(counterField);
counterField.setAccessible(true);
System.out.println(counterField.get(null)); // 静态属性的访问不需要对象, 所以传入null也可以
counterField.set(null, 10000); // 静态的设置也不需要对象
System.out.println(counterField.get(null)); // 静态属性的访问不需要对象, 所以传入null也可以
Method testMethod = clazz.getMethod("test");
testMethod.invoke(null);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
<span style="color:#ff0000;">// 反射在自定义泛型中的应用
// 通过反射获取子类的泛型类型->创建父类对象</span>
@Test
public void test12() throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException {
Parent parent1 = new Child1();
Parent parent2 = new Child2();
}
}
// 上面test12测试所需要的类，其中父类为自定义泛型类，子类确定泛型的类型，在父类无参构造器中通过反射获取到子类的泛型// 类型从而确定父类的泛型类型，然后创建对象，从而实现对象的创建
class Parent<T> {
T t;
Class clazz;
public Parent() {
Type type = this.getClass().getGenericSuperclass();
if (!(type instanceof ParameterizedType)) { // 在子类的声明中并没有任何的泛型信息
clazz = Object.class;
} else {
ParameterizedType parameteredType = (ParameterizedType)type;
Type[] types = parameteredType.getActualTypeArguments();
clazz = (Class)types[0];
}
System.out.println(clazz);
try {
t = (T) clazz.newInstance();
System.out.println(t);
} catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public T getT() {
return t;
}
}
class Child1 extends Parent<Person> {
}
class Child2 extends Parent {
}
class Child3 extends Parent<PrintStream> {
}// 反射可以应用在泛型类中，但是更加凸显出去其作用是在动态中
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