六. TLS协议给我们的启发 — 现代加密通信协议设计
在看了这么多的分析和案例之后,我们已经可以归纳出加密通信协议设计的普遍问题,和常见设计决策,
设计决策点:
- 四类基础算法 加密/MAC/签名/密钥交换 如何选择?
对称加密目前毫无疑问应该直接用aead,最佳选择就是 aes-128-gcm/aes-256-gcm/chacha20-poly1305了
数字签名/验证方案,如果是移动互联网,应该考虑直接放弃 RSA,考虑 P-256 的 ECDSA 公钥证书,或者更进一步的 ed25519 公钥证书。
密钥交换算法,目前最佳选择就是 curve25519,或者 P-256。 - 对称加密算法+认证算法,如何选择?或者直接用aead?
- 签名算法如何选择?RSA or ECDSA or Ed25519?
- 考虑将来的算法调整,要加版本号机制吗?
建议是加上,起码在密钥协商的步骤,要加上版本号。便于将来更新算法。 - RSA用作密钥交换是一个好的选择吗?考虑PFS
建议直接放弃RSA,RSA服务器端性能比ECDSA更差,签名更大费流量,而且没有前向安全性,给私钥保管带来更大风险。 - 自建PKI,是个好的选择吗?crl如何解决?
自建PKI可以做到更安全,比如简单的客户端内置数字签名公钥。可是当需要紧急吊销一个证书的时候,只能通过紧急发布新版客户端来解决。 - 必须用糟糕的openssl吗?or something better?crypto++,botan, nacl/libsodium, polarssl?libsodium: ed25519+curve2519+chacha20+poly1305
- 重放攻击如何解决?某种seq?或者nonce如何生成?
- 握手过程被中间人篡改的问题怎么解决?
- 性能:私钥运算的cpu消耗可以承受吗?加上某种cache?
要解决私钥运算的高cpu消耗,必然就需要 session ticket/session id 这种cache机制。显然session ticket 更好 - 延迟:密钥协商需要几个rtt?最少多少?加上cache后?和tcp对比如何
- TLS的性能(主要指服务器cpu消耗)还有空间可以压榨吗?我能设计一个性能更牛逼的吗?
七. 附录:密码学基础概念
本文已经很长了,基础概念的内容更多,再展开介绍就太长了,下面就列一下点,贴一下参考资料,就先这样,以后再说吧。
当然,最好的资料是下面列的书。
1. 块加密算法 block cipher
AES 等
《AES后分组密码的研究现状 及发展趋势》
http://www.ccf.org.cn/resources/1190201776262/2010/04/15/019026.pdf
aead的介绍(作者是大神)
https://www.imperialviolet.org/2015/05/16/aeads.html
3种组合方式之争
http://www.thoughtcrime.org/blog/the-cryptographic-doom-principle/
CBC模式+MAC-then-encrypt的padding oracle 攻击, tls POODLE 漏洞
http://drops.wooyun.org/papers/3194
https://defuse.ca/blog/recovering-cbc-mode-iv-chosen-ciphertext.html
128 bit 和 256 bit key size之争
https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/07/another_new_aes.html
nist 对 aes gcm 的技术标准,官方权威文档:
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/BCM/documents/proposedmodes/gcm/gcm-spec.pdf
一个gcm的调用范例
https://github.com/facebook/conceal/blob/master/native/crypto/gcm_util.c
DES
1天之内破解DES(2008年)
http://www.sciengines.com/company/news-a-events/74-des-in-1-day.html
iPhone 5S开始,A7芯片也有了aes硬件指令 (ARMv8 指令集),有825%的性能提升:
http://www.anandtech.com/show/7335/the-iphone-5s-review/4
2. 流加密算法 stream cipher
RC4,ChaCha20 等
序列密码发展现状
http://www.ccf.org.cn/resources/1190201776262/2010/04/15/019018.pdf
rc4 : http://www.rc4nomore.com/
[RC4加密已不再安全,破解效率极高(含视频)] http://www.freebuf.com/news/72622.html
3. Hash函数 hash funtion
MD5,sha1,sha256,sha512 , ripemd 160,poly1305 等
MD5被碰撞:
http://natmchugh.blogspot.com/2014/10/how-i-created-two-images-with-same-md5.html
http://blog.avira.com/md5-the-broken-algorithm/
4. 消息验证码函数 message authentication code
HMAC-sha256,AEAD 等
为什么要用MAC
http://www.happybearsoftware.com/you-are-dangerously-bad-at-cryptography.html
Flickr的漏洞案例:
http://netifera.com/research/flickr_api_signature_forgery.pdf
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt
5. 密钥交换 key exchange
DH,ECDH,RSA,PFS方式的(DHE,ECDHE)等
https://blog.cloudflare.com/a-relatively-easy-to-understand-primer-on-elliptic-curve-cryptography/
关于 前向安全性( Perfect Forward Secrecy )
http://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ssl-perfect-forward-secrecy.html
http://www.cryptopp.com/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Cryptography
google对openssl里面的椭圆曲线的优化:
http://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//pubs/archive/37376.pdf
http://www.math.brown.edu/~jhs/Presentations/WyomingEllipticCurve.pdf
ripple从nistp256k1曲线迁移到ed25519
https://ripple.com/uncategorized/curves-with-a-twist/
openssh 6.5 开始支持 ed25519, curve25519, chacha20-poly1305
http://www.openssh.org/txt/release-6.5
6. 公钥加密 public-key encryption
RSA,rabin-williams 等
RSA入门必读(斯坦福,普渡的课件):
http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/courses/cs255_winter07/rsa.ppt
https://engineering.purdue.edu/kak/compsec/NewLectures/Lecture12.pdf
PKCS1 标准,应用RSA必读:
https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3447
RSA 的公钥为什么比AES的key长?
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/8687/security-strength-of-rsa-in-relation-with-the-modulus-size
http://cryptofails.blogspot.ca/2013/07/saltstack-rsa-e-d-1.html
使用什么padding? OAEP,为什么不要用PKCS V1.5
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2991603/pkcs1-v2-0-encryption-is-usually-called-oaep-encryption-where-can-i-confirm-i
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/12688/can-you-explain-bleichenbachers-cca-attack-on-pkcs1-v1-5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_chosen-ciphertext_attack
PKCS #1 — #15标准协议官方网站:
http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/standards-initiatives/public-key-cryptography-standards.htm
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.5446v1.pdf
blinding 一种实现上的技术,用来解决 timing 侧通道攻击的问题
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_(cryptography)
http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/papers/ssl-timing.pdf
Twenty Years of Attacks on the RSA Cryptosystem:
http://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/papers/RSA-survey.pdf
电子信封(digital envelope)
http://www.emc.com/emc-plus/rsa-labs/standards-initiatives/what-is-a-digital-envelope.htm
在openssl的evp接口中有直接支持:
https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/EVP_Asymmetric_Encryption_and_Decryption_of_an_Envelope
7. 数字签名算法 signature algorithm
RSA,DSA,ECDSA (secp256r1 , ed25519) 等
三大公钥体制:RSA,DSA,ECDSA
RSA目前是主流,占据绝大多数市场份额
DSA已经被废弃
ECDSA是未来的趋势,例如bitcoin就用ECDSA
https://blog.cloudflare.com/ecdsa-the-digital-signature-algorithm-of-a-better-internet/
https://blog.cloudflare.com/a-relatively-easy-to-understand-primer-on-elliptic-curve-cryptography/
8. 密码衍生函数 key derivation function
TLS-12-PRF(SHA-256) , bcrypto,scrypto,pbkdf2 等
hkdf: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5869
https://cryptography.io/en/latest/hazmat/primitives/key-derivation-functions/
9. 随机数生成器 random number generators
/dev/urandom 等
[现代密码学实践指南[2015年]] https://blog.helong.info/blog/2015/06/05/modern-crypto/
八. 参考文献:
TLS/SSL 相关RFC及标准
- [TLS 1.2] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246
- [TLS 1.3 draft specification] 链接 https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec
- [AES GCM for TLS] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5288
- [ECC cipher suites for TLS] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4492
- [TLS extensions] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066
- [Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation Extension] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7301
- [X.509 PKI] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4210
- [X.509 PKI and CRLs] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280
- [美国国家标准局NIST 的密码学标准] 链接 http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/index.html
- [NIST SP 800-90A ] 链接 http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-90A/SP800-90A.pdf
- [nsa 的 SuiteB 密码学标准] 链接 https://www.nsa.gov/ia/programs/suiteb_cryptography/
- [TLS on wikipedia] 链接 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security
协议分析文章
- http://www.root.org/talks/TLS_Design20071129_2.pdf
- [20 Years of SSL/TLS Research An Analysis of the Internet’s Security Foundation] 链接 http://www-brs.ub.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/netahtml/HSS/Diss/MeyerChristopher/diss.pdf
- https://www.slideshare.net/yassl/securing-data-in-transit
- http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/20803/how-does-ssl-tls-work
- [SSL/TLS in Detail] 链接 https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc785811(v=ws.10).aspx
- [SSL/TLS] 链接 http://www.spiegel.de/media/media-35511.pdf
- [The Sorry State Of SSL] 链接 https://hynek.me/talks/tls/
- [What’s the matter with TLS?] 链接 http://hyperelliptic.org/internetcrypto/OpenSSLPresentation.pdf
- http://blog.csdn.net/CaesarZou/article/details/9331993
- )
- [X.509 PKI and CRLs] 链接 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5280
- [Layman’s Guide to ASN.1] 链接 http://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html
实际部署调优相关
- https://bit.ly/gottls
- https://istlsfastyet.com/
- https://www.imperialviolet.org/
- https://letsencrypt.org/
- http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000545/ch04.to/crypto.html
- [RSA Conference 2015 : New Trends In Cryptographic Algorithm Suites Used For TLS Communications] 链接 http://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/dsp-f03-new-trends-in-cryptographic-algorithm-suites-used-for-tls-communications.pdf
密码学相关
- [Stanford Cryptography open course] 链接 https://www.coursera.org/course/crypto
- [crypto101,一本很棒的开源电子书] 链接 http://crypto101.io
- [现代密码学理论与实践] 链接 https://book.douban.com/subject/1172109/ - 毛文波
- [现代密码学:原理与协议] 链接 http://book.douban.com/subject/5954556/ - Katz and Lindell
- [“Modern Crypto: 15 Years of Advancement in Cryptography” — 2015 defcon 大会Steve Weis 演讲] 链接 http://saweis.net/pdfs/weis-modern-crypto-defcon-2015.pdf
- 强烈建议不要看90年代的书,普遍严重过时,比如《应用密码学:协议、算法与C源程序(原书第2版)》
- [DJBs crypto page] 链接 http://cr.yp.to/crypto.html
- [DJBs entropy attacks] 链接 http://blog.cr.yp.to/20140205-entropy.html
- [Cryptographic Right Answers] 链接 https://gist.github.com/tqbf/be58d2d39690c3b366ad
- http://www.slideshare.net/yassl/securing-data-in-transit
- [Schneier 关于密码学2010年现状的评述] 链接 <https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2013/07/is_cryptography.html
- http://security.stackexchange.com/questions/2202/lessons-learned-and-misconceptions-regarding-encryption-and-cryptology
- http://chargen.matasano.com/chargen/2009/7/22/if-youre-typing-the-letters-a-e-s-into-your-code-youre-doing.html
- http://kodu.ut.ee/~swen/publications/articles/laur-thesis-binded.pdf
- https://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/identity-and-trust/library/deliverables/study-on-cryptographic-protocols
- https://github.com/sweis/crypto-might-not-suck
- [Cryptographic Best Practices in the Post-Snowden Era] 链接 http://pages.uoregon.edu/joe/crypto-bcp/crypto-bcp.pdf
- [Crypto War] 链接 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_Wars
- [52 Things People Should Know To Do Cryptography] 链接 http://www.cs.bris.ac.uk/Research/CryptographySecurity/knowledge.html
- http://bristolcrypto.blogspot.com/
- https://www.schneier.com/
- https://www.imperialviolet.org/2015/05/16/aeads.html
- https://crypto.stanford.edu/~dabo/cryptobook/draft_0_2.pdf
- http://saweis.net/pdfs/weis-modern-crypto-defcon-2015.pdf
相关开源项目
- [GoTLS] 链接 http://golang.org/pkg/crypto/tls/ - go语言自己搞的 TLS 协议实现
- [OpenSSL] 链接 https://www.openssl.org/ - 事实上的标准
- [LibreSSL] 链接 http://www.libressl.org/ - OpenBSD搞的OpenSSL的分支,代码可读性大大提高
- [BoringSSL] 链接 https://boringssl.googlesource.com/boringssl/ - Google Security team 维护的OpenSSL分支
- [NSS] 链接 https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Projects/NSS - Mozilla 维护的TLS协议实现
- [s2n] 链接 https://github.com/awslabs/s2n/ - Amazon搞的tls协议实现
- [MiTLS] 链接 http://www.mitls.org/wsgi/home , [TLS Attacks] 链接 http://www.mitls.org/wsgi/tls-attacks
- [NaCL] 链接 http://nacl.cr.yp.to/ and [libsodium] 链接 https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium
- [spiped] 链接 http://www.tarsnap.com/spiped.html
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