进程间通信方式:
至于文件描述符的读写,就不在此赘述了!
有名共享内存
把子进程的代码写在另一个.c文件里,就可以实现无亲缘关系进程间的通信。
1)普通文件
这种方式基本上所有的教科书上都没有提到过,但是我个人认为这种我们最早接触到的进程间通信的方式;进程可以通过读写同一个文件,并解析文件内的内容来进行通信。
2)管道(pipe)
管道是以半双工机制来通信的,分为匿名管道和有名管道;匿名管道只能用于有亲缘关系的进程,有名管道能用于有亲缘关系和无亲缘关系的进程。
- <strong> <span style="font-size:14px;">From manpages</span></strong>
- #include <unistd.h>
- int pipe(int pipefd[2]);
- <strong>Description:</strong>
- pipe() creates a pipe, a unidirectional data channel that can be used for interpeocess communication. The array pipefd is used to return
- file descriptors referring to the ends of pipe. pipefd[0] refers to the read end of pipe. pipefd[1] refers to the read end of the pipe.
- pipe()创建一个单向的可用于进程间通信的管道, 数组pipefd用来返回指向管道两端的文件描述符. pipefd[0]代表管道读端, pipefd[1]代表管道写端.
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- int mkfifo(const char* pathname, mode_t mode)
- Description:
- mkfifo() makes a FIFO special file with name pathname. mode specifies the FIFO's permissions. It is modified by the process's umack in the
- usual way : the permissions of the created file are (mode &~umask).
- A FILO special file is similar to a pipe, except that it is created in a different way. Instead of being an anonymous communications channel ,
- a FIFO special file is entered into the filesystem calling mkfife().
- mkfifo()创建一个名为 pathname 的特殊文件. mode 用来说明文件的权限. 这个权限可实际值为 mode&~umask.
- 除了创建的方式不一样,FIFO特殊文件和管道很类。 FIFE文件通过调用mkfifo()进入文件系统, 而不是通过匿名通道.
3)信号(signal)
4)共享内存(shared memory)
- <span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>From manpages</strong></span>
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- int shm_open(const char* name, // 文件名
- int oflag, // O_RDONLY, O_RDWR等, 和open()标志一样
- mode_t mode); // 文件访问权限, 如:0755
- Return: 成功,则返回文件描述符; 失败, 返回-1.
- void *mmap(void* addr, // 共享内存起始地址
- size_t length, // 共享内存长度,字节为单位
- int prot, // PROT_EXEC 可执行, PROT_READ 可读, PROT_WRITE 可写, PROT_NONE not be accessed
- int flags, // MAP_SHARED | MAP_PRIVATE 一般设为MAP_SHARED
- int fd, // shm_open返回的文件描述符
- off_t offset); // 偏移
- int munmap(void* addr, size_t length);
- bsp;int shm_unlink(const char* name);
- Link with -lrt
5)socketpair
- <strong>From manpages</strong>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/socket.h>
- int socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, int sv[2])
- Description:
- The socketpair() call creates an unnamed pair of connected sockets in the specified domain, of the specified type, and using the optionally
- specified protocol.
- socketpair()调用创建一个匿名的,面向连接的socket,通过 domain, type, protocol等参数来说明.
6)socket
通信方式的比较:
1)数据量较大,可以用普通文本文件( 效率低 )和共享内存( 效率高 )实现进程间通信;
2)所有的方式都能在无亲缘关系的进程间通信,socket可以实现不同主机间的进程通信;
3)管道是以半双工的方式工作(可以通过两个管道模拟全双工),socketpair是以全双工的方式工作;
举例:
1)匿名管道(模拟全双工)
- ipc_unnamed_pipe.c------------2016-11-22 20:00---------------------------------
- ---Modified--2016-11-23 09:00---------------------------------
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <string.h>
- int main(int argc, char* argv[])
- {
- int fd_first[2], fd_second[2];
- if( !(pipe(fd_first) && pipe(fd_second)) ){
- perror("pipe");
- return -1;
- }
- pid_t pid = fork();
- if(pid == 0){ // Child process
- close(fd_first[0]); close(fd_second[1]);
- char msg[128] = "Hi, parent peocess ...";
- write(fd_first[1], msg, strlen(msg) + 1);
- memset(msg, 0, sizeof(msg));
- read(fd_second[0], msg, sizeof(msg));
- printf("Message from Parent : %s\n", msg);
- }else{ // Parent process
- close(fd_first[1]); close(fd_second[0]);
- char msg[128] = {0};
- read(fd_first[0], msg, sizeof(msg));
- printf("Message from Child : %s\n", msg);
- memset(msg, 0, sizeof(msg));
- strcpy(msg, "Hi, Child ...");
- write(fd_second[1], msg, strlen(msg));
- wait(NULL);
- }
- return 0;
- }
2)有名管道
- ipc_fifo_write.c ---------2016-11-23 09:00-----------------------------------------------------
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- int main()
- {
- int ret = mkfifo("filename.ff", 0755);
- if(ret != 0){
- perror("mkfifo");
- exit(-1);
- }
- int fd = open("filename.ff", O_WRONLY);
- if(fd == -1){
- perror("open");
- exit(-1);
- }
- char msg[128] = "Hello world!";
- ret = write(fd, msg, strlen(msg) + 1); // Write to fifo.
- if(ret < 0){
- perror("write");
- }
- close(fd);
- return 0;
- }
- bsp;ipc_fifo_read.c -------2016-11-23 09:00------------------------------------------------------------
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- int main()
- {
- int fd = open("filename.ff", O_RDONLY);
- if(fd == -1){
- perror("open");
- exit(-1);
- }
- char msg[128] = {0};
- int ret = read(fd, msg, sizeof(msg));
- if(ret > 0){
- printf("Message from FIFO : %s\n", msg);
- }
- perror("read");
- close(fd);
- return 0;
- }
3)共享内存
匿名共享内存:
- ipc_unnamed_shm.c------2016-11-22 20:00------------------------------------------
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- int main()
- {
- void* shm = mmap(NULL, 1024, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANOYMOUS, -1,0);
- if(shm == MAP_FAILED){
- perror("mmap");
- return 0;
- }
- pid_t pid = fork();
- if(pid == 0){
- *(int*)shm = 100;
- }else{
- sleep(1);
- printf("From parent : %d\n", *(int*)shm);
- wait(NULL);
- }
- munmap(shm, 1024);
- return 0;
- }
- nbsp;
- ipc_shm.c------2016-11-22 20:00-----------------------------------------
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- int main()
- {
- int fd = shm_open("/test.shm", O_RDWR, 0755);
- if(fd < 0){
- fd = shm_open("/test.shm", O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0755);
- if(fd < 0){
- perror("shm_open");
- return -1;
- }
- ftruncate(fd, 4096);
- }
- char* shm = (char*)mmap(NULL, 1024, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
- pid_t pid = fork();
- if(pid == 0){
- strcmp(shm, "Hello world\n");
- }else{
- sleep(1);
- printf("From shared memory : %s\n", shm);
- wait(NULL);
- }
- munmap(shm);
- return 0;
- }
4)socketpair
- ipc_socketpair.c-----2016-11-23 09:00---------------------------------------------------------
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <sys/socket.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- int main()
- {
- int fd[2];
- int ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0,fd);
- if(ret != 0){
- perror("socketpair");
- return -1;
- }
- pid_t pid = fork();
- if(pid == 0){ // Child process
- close(fd[1]);
- int val = 0;
- while(1){
- sleep(1);
- ++val;
- write(fd[0], &val, sizeof(val));
- read(fd[0], &val, sizeof(val));
- printf("Child : %d\n", val);
- }
- }else{ // Parent process
- close(fd[0]);
- int val;
- while(1){
- read(fd[1], &val, sizeof(val));
- printf("Parent : %d\n", val);
- ++val;
- write(fd[1], &val, sizeof(val));
- }
- }
- return 0;
- }