简单udp通信例程

udp面向无连接，称为数据报的传输层通信协议（DGRAM），不同于tcp面向连接的基于字节流（STREAM）的传输层通信协议。主要用到几个函数：

服务端
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t addrlen);

ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
struct sockaddr *src_addr, socklen_t *addrlen);

ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);

客户端`

int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
struct sockaddr *src_addr, socklen_t *addrlen);

ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);

int inet_pton(int af, const char *src, void *dst); //IP地址转换函数,将字符串转换成ip地址

下面是一个最简单的例子：
服务端程序：

#include <iostream>
#include <sys/types.h> 
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
using std::endl;
using std::cout;

int main() {

    //创建套接字
    int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); 
    if (fd == -1) {
        perror("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   

    //绑定
    struct sockaddr_in serv;
    memset(&serv, 0, sizeof(serv));
    serv.sin_family = AF_INET;
    serv.sin_port = htons(5000);
    serv.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);

    if (bind (fd, (struct sockaddr*)&serv, sizeof(serv)) < 0){ 
        perror("bind");
        exit(-1);
    }   
    
    //因为udp面向无连接，所以不需要监听

    //数据收发    
    struct sockaddr_in client;
    socklen_t cli_len = sizeof(client); // 存储客户端的信息: IP和端口
                                      
    char buf[16] = {0};
    char ip[32] = {0};  //ip地址是一个字符串

    while(1) {
        int recvlen = recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr*)&client, &cli_len);
        if (recvlen < 0) {
            perror("recvfrom");
            break;
        }
        cout << "客户端" << inet_ntop(AF_INET, &client.sin_addr.s_addr, ip, sizeof(ip)) <<
            ":" << ntohs(client.sin_port) << " 的信息: " << buf << endl;

        strcpy(buf, "我收到了! ");
        if (sendto(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr*)&client, sizeof(client)) < 0){
            perror("sendto");
            break;
        }
        cout<< "发送: " << buf << endl << endl;
        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
    }

    //关闭套接字
    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

客户端程序：

#include <iostream>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

using std::endl;
using std::cout;
using std::cin;

int main() { 
    //创建套接字
    int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); 
    if (fd == -1) {
        perror ("socket");
        exit(-1);
    }   
 
    struct sockaddr_in serv; 
    serv.sin_family = AF_INET;
    serv.sin_port = htons(5000);
    inet_pton(AF_INET, "192.168.1.108", &serv.sin_addr.s_addr); 
    
    char buf[32] = {0}; 
    while(1) { 
        cin >> buf;
        if (sendto(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr*)&serv, sizeof(serv)) < 0){ 
            perror("sendto");
            break;
        }   
        cout << "发送: " << buf << endl;
        memset(buf, 0 ,sizeof(buf));

        if (recvfrom(fd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
            perror("recvfrom");
            break;
        }
        cout << "接收: "<< buf << endl << endl;
        memset(buf, 0 ,sizeof(buf));
    }
    //关闭套接字
    close(fd);
    return 0;
}