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第17章-x86-64寄存器
不同的CPU都能够解释的机器语言的体系称为指令集架构(ISA,Instruction Set Architecture),也可以称为指令集(instruction set)。Intel将x86系列CPU之中的32位CPU指令集架构称为IA-32,IA是“Intel Architecture”的简称,也可以称为i386、x86-32。AMD等于Intell提出了x86系列的64位扩展,所以由AMD设计的x86系列的64位指令集架构称为AMD64。后来Intel在自己的CPU中加入和AMD64几乎相同的指令集,称为Intel 64的指令集。AMD64和Intel 64可以统称为x86-64。
x86-64的所有寄存器都是与机器字长(数据总线位宽)相同,即64位的,x86-64将x86的8个32位通用寄存器扩展为64位(eax、ebx、ecx、edx、eci、edi、ebp、esp),并且增加了8个新的64位寄存器(r8-r15),在命名方式上,也从”exx”变为”rxx”,但仍保留”exx”进行32位操作,下表描述了各寄存器的命名和作用。
描述 | 32位 | 64位 |
通用寄存器组 | eax | rax |
ecx | rcx | |
edx | rdx | |
ebx | rbx | |
esp | rsp | |
ebp | rbp | |
esi | rsi | |
edi | rdi | |
- | r8~r15 | |
浮点寄存器组 | st0~st7 | st0~st7 |
XMM寄存器组 | XMM0~XMM7 | XMM0~XMM15 |
其中的%esp与%ebp有特殊用途,用来保存指向程序栈中特定位置的指针。
另外还有eflags寄存器,通过位来表示特定的含义,如下图所示。
在HotSpot VM中,表示寄存器的类都继承自AbstractRegisterImpl类,这个类的定义如下:
源代码位置:hotspot/src/share/vm/asm/register.hpp
class AbstractRegisterImpl;
typedef AbstractRegisterImpl* AbstractRegister;
class AbstractRegisterImpl {
protected:
int value() const { return (int)(intx)this; }
};
AbstractRegisterImpl类的继承体系如下图所示。
另外还有个ConcreteRegisterImpl类也继承了AbstractRegisterImpl,这个灰与C2编译器的实现有关,这里不做过多讲解。
1、RegisterImpl类
RegisterImpl类用来表示通用寄存器,类的定义如下:
源代码位置:cpu/x86/vm/register_x86.hpp
// 使用Register做为RegisterImpl的简称
class RegisterImpl;
typedef RegisterImpl* Register;
class RegisterImpl: public AbstractRegisterImpl {
public:
enum {
number_of_registers = 16,
number_of_byte_registers = 16
};
// ...
};
对于64位来说,通用寄存器的位宽为64位,也可以将eax、ebx、ecx和edx的一部分当作8位寄存器来使用,所以可以存储字节的寄存器数量为4。
在HotSpot VM中定义寄存器,如下:
源代码位置:hotspot/src/cpu/x86/vm/register_x86.hpp
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, noreg, (-1)); // noreg_RegisterEnumValue = ((-1))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rax, (0)); // rax_RegisterEnumValue = ((0))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rcx, (1)); // rcx_RegisterEnumValue = ((1))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rdx, (2)); // rdx_RegisterEnumValue = ((2))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rbx, (3)); // rbx_RegisterEnumValue = ((3))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rsp, (4)); // rsp_RegisterEnumValue = ((4))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rbp, (5)); // rbp_RegisterEnumValue = ((5))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rsi, (6)); // rsi_RegisterEnumValue = ((6))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, rdi, (7)); // rdi_RegisterEnumValue = ((7))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r8, (8)); // r8_RegisterEnumValue = ((8))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r9, (9)); // r9_RegisterEnumValue = ((9))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r10, (10)); // r10_RegisterEnumValue = ((10))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r11, (11)); // r11_RegisterEnumValue = ((11))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r12, (12)); // r12_RegisterEnumValue = ((12))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r13, (13)); // r13_RegisterEnumValue = ((13))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r14, (14)); // r14_RegisterEnumValue = ((14))
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(Register, r15, (15)); // r15_RegisterEnumValue = ((15))
宏CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION定义如下:
源代码位置:hotspot/src/share/vm/asm/register.hpp
#define CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(type, name, value) \
extern const type name; \
enum { name##_##type##EnumValue = (value) }
经过宏扩展后如下:
extern const Register rax;
enum { rax_RegisterEnumValue = ((0)) }
extern const Register rcx;
enum { rcx_RegisterEnumValue = ((1)) }
extern const Register rdx;
enum { rdx_RegisterEnumValue = ((2)) }
extern const Register rbx;
enum { rbx_RegisterEnumValue = ((3)) }
extern const Register rsp;
enum { rsp_RegisterEnumValue = ((4)) }
extern const Register rbp;
enum { rbp_RegisterEnumValue = ((5)) }
extern const Register rsi;
enum { rsi_RegisterEnumValue = ((6)) }
extern const Register rsi;
enum { rdi_RegisterEnumValue = ((7)) }
extern const Register r8;
enum { r8_RegisterEnumValue = ((8)) }
extern const Register r9;
enum { r9_RegisterEnumValue = ((9)) }
extern const Register r10;
enum { r10_RegisterEnumValue = ((10)) }
extern const Register r11;
enum { r11_RegisterEnumValue = ((11)) }
extern const Register r12;
enum { r12_RegisterEnumValue = ((12)) }
extern const Register r13;
enum { r13_RegisterEnumValue = ((13)) }
extern const Register r14;
enum { r14_RegisterEnumValue = ((14)) }
extern const Register r15;
enum { r15_RegisterEnumValue = ((15)) }
如上的枚举类给寄存器指定了一个常量值。
在cpu/x86/vm/register_definitions_x86.cpp文件中定义的寄存器如下:
const Register noreg = ((Register)noreg_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rax = ((Register)rax_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rcx = ((Register)rcx_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rdx = ((Register)rdx_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rbx = ((Register)rbx_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rsp = ((Register)rsp_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rbp = ((Register)rbp_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rsi = ((Register)rsi_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register rdi = ((Register)rdi_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r8 = ((Register)r8_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r9 = ((Register)r9_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r10 = ((Register)r10_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r11 = ((Register)r11_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r12 = ((Register)r12_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r13 = ((Register)r13_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r14 = ((Register)r14_RegisterEnumValue)
const Register r15 = ((Register)r15_RegisterEnumValue)
当我们需要使用通用寄存器时,通过rax、rcx等变量引用就可以了。
2、FloatRegisterImpl
在HotSpot VM中,使用FloatRegisterImpl来表示浮点寄存器,此类的定义如下:
源代码位置:hotspot/src/cpu/x86/vm/register_x86.hpp
// 使用FloatRegister做为简称
class FloatRegisterImpl;
typedef FloatRegisterImpl* FloatRegister;
class FloatRegisterImpl: public AbstractRegisterImpl {
public:
enum {
number_of_registers = 8
};
// ...
}
浮点寄存器有8个,分别是st0~st7,这是8个80位寄存器。
这里需要注意的是,还有一种寄存器MMX,MMX并非一种新的寄存器,而是借用了80位浮点寄存器的低64位,也就是说,使用MMX指令集,会影响浮点运算!
3、MMXRegisterImpl
MMX 为一种 SIMD 技术,即可通过一条指令执行多个数据运算,共有8个64位寄存器(借用了80位浮点寄存器的低64位),分别为mm0 – mm7,他与其他普通64位寄存器的区别在于通过它的指令进行运算,可以同时计算2个32位数据,或者4个16位数据等等,可以应用为图像处理过程中图形 颜色的计算。
MMXRegisterImpl类的定义如下:
class MMXRegisterImpl;
typedef MMXRegisterImpl* MMXRegister;
MMX寄存器的定义如下:
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mnoreg , (-1));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx0 , ( 0));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx1 , ( 1));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx2 , ( 2));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx3 , ( 3));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx4 , ( 4));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx5 , ( 5));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx6 , ( 6));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(MMXRegister, mmx7 , ( 7));
宏扩展后如下:
extern const MMXRegister mnoreg;
enum { mnoreg_MMXRegisterEnumValue = ((-1)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx0;
enum { mmx0_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 0)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx1;
enum { mmx1_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 1)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx2;
enum { mmx2_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 2)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx3;
enum { mmx3_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 3)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx4;
enum { mmx4_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 4)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx5;
enum { mmx5_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 5)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx6;
enum { mmx6_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 6)) }
extern const MMXRegister mmx7;
enum { mmx7_MMXRegisterEnumValue = (( 7)) }
MMX Pentium以及Pentium II之后的CPU中有从mm0到mm7共8个64位寄存器。但实际上MMX寄存器和浮点数寄存器是共用的,即无法同时使用浮点数寄存器和MMX寄存器。
cpu/x86/vm/register_definitions_x86.cpp文件中定义的寄存器变量如下:
const MMXRegister mnoreg = ((MMXRegister)mnoreg_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx0 = ((MMXRegister)mmx0_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx1 = ((MMXRegister)mmx1_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx2 = ((MMXRegister)mmx2_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx3 = ((MMXRegister)mmx3_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx4 = ((MMXRegister)mmx4_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx5 = ((MMXRegister)mmx5_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx6 = ((MMXRegister)mmx6_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
const MMXRegister mmx7 = ((MMXRegister)mmx7_MMXRegisterEnumValue)
当我们需要使用MMX寄存器时,通过mmx0、mmx1等变量引用就可以了。
4、XMMRegisterImpl类
XMM寄存器是SSE指令用的寄存器。Pentium iii以及之后的CPU中提供了xmm0到xmm7共8个128位宽的XMM寄存器。另外还有个mxcsr寄存器,这个寄存器用来表示SSE指令的运算状态的寄存器。在HotSpot VM中,通过XMMRegisterImpl类来表示寄存器。这个类的定义如下:
源代码位置:hotspot/src/share/x86/cpu/vm/register_x86.hpp
// 使用XMMRegister寄存器做为简称
class XMMRegisterImpl;
typedef XMMRegisterImpl* XMMRegister;
class XMMRegisterImpl: public AbstractRegisterImpl {
public:
enum {
number_of_registers = 16
};
...
}
XMM寄存器的定义如下:
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xnoreg , (-1));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm0 , ( 0));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm1 , ( 1));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm2 , ( 2));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm3 , ( 3));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm4 , ( 4));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm5 , ( 5));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm6 , ( 6));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm7 , ( 7));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm8, (8));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm9, (9));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm10, (10));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm11, (11));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm12, (12));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm13, (13));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm14, (14));
CONSTANT_REGISTER_DECLARATION(XMMRegister, xmm15, (15));
经过宏扩展后为:
extern const XMMRegister xnoreg;
enum { xnoreg_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((-1)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm0;
enum { xmm0_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 0)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm1;
enum { xmm1_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 1)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm2;
enum { xmm2_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 2)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm3;
enum { xmm3_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 3)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm4;
enum { xmm4_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 4)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm5;
enum { xmm5_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 5)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm6;
enum { xmm6_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 6)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm7;
enum { xmm7_XMMRegisterEnumValue = (( 7)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm8;
enum { xmm8_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((8)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm9;
enum { xmm9_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((9)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm10;
enum { xmm10_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((10)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm11;
enum { xmm11_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((11)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm12;
enum { xmm12_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((12)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm13;
enum { xmm13_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((13)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm14;
enum { xmm14_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((14)) }
extern const XMMRegister xmm15;
enum { xmm15_XMMRegisterEnumValue = ((15)) }
在cpu/x86/vm/register_definitions_x86.cpp文件中定义的寄存器变量如下:
const XMMRegister xnoreg = ((XMMRegister)xnoreg_XMMRegisterEnumValue)
const XMMRegister xmm0 = ((XMMRegister)xmm0_XMMRegisterEnumValue)
const XMMRegister xmm1 = ((XMMRegister)xmm1_XMMRegisterEnumValue)
const XMMRegister xmm2 = ((XMMRegister)xmm2_XMMRegi