设计模式之享元模式

定义

运用共享技术有效地支持大量细粒度对象的复用。系统只使用少量的对象，而这些对象都很相似，状态变化很小，可以实现对象的多次复用。由于享元模式要求能够共享的对象必须是细粒度对象，因此它又称为轻量级模式，它是一种对象结构型模式。

UML类图

代码实现

Flyweight.java

public class Flyweight {

    private String intrinsicState;

    public Flyweight(String intrinsicState) {
        this.intrinsicState = intrinsicState;
    }

    public void operation(String extrinsicState) {
        System.out.println("Flyweight operation 内部状态："+intrinsicState+"+外部状态："+extrinsicState);
    }
}

ConcreteFlyweightA.java

public class ConcreteFlyweightA extends Flyweight {

    public ConcreteFlyweightA() {
        super("A");
    }
}

ConcreteFlyweightB.java

public class ConcreteFlyweightB extends Flyweight {

    public ConcreteFlyweightB() {
        super("B");
    }
}

FlyweightFactory.java

public class FlyweightFactory {

    private static final FlyweightFactory instance = new FlyweightFactory();
    private HashMap<String, Flyweight> flyweights = new HashMap<String, Flyweight> ();

    public FlyweightFactory() {
        Flyweight flyweightA = new ConcreteFlyweightA();
        Flyweight flyweightB = new ConcreteFlyweightB();
        flyweights.put("A", flyweightA);
        flyweights.put("B", flyweightB);
    }

    public Flyweight getFlyweight(String key) {
        return flyweights.get(key);
    }

    public static FlyweightFactory getInstance() {
        return instance;
    }
}

Main.java

Flyweight flyweightA = FlyweightFactory.getInstance().getFlyweight("A");
Flyweight flyweightB = FlyweightFactory.getInstance().getFlyweight("B");
Flyweight flyweightC = FlyweightFactory.getInstance().getFlyweight("A");
System.out.println("A == B : "+(flyweightA == flyweightB));
System.out.println("A == C : "+(flyweightA == flyweightC));
flyweightA.operation("Hello");
flyweightA.operation("World");
flyweightB.operation("What");
flyweightC.operation("Who");
flyweightC.operation("Hello");

打印的结果:

A == B : false
A == C : true
Flyweight operation 内部状态：A+外部状态：Hello
Flyweight operation 内部状态：A+外部状态：World
Flyweight operation 内部状态：B+外部状态：What
Flyweight operation 内部状态：A+外部状态：Who
Flyweight operation 内部状态：A+外部状态：Hello

优缺点

主要优点

1. 可以极大减少内存中对象的数量，使得相同或相似对象在内存中只保存一份，从而可以节约系统资源，提高系统性能。

2. 享元模式的外部状态相对独立，而且不会影响其内部状态，从而使得享元对象可以在不同的环境中被共享。

主要缺点

1. 享元模式使得系统变得复杂，需要分离出内部状态和外部状态，这使得程序的逻辑复杂化。

2. 为了使对象可以共享，享元模式需要将享元对象的部分状态外部化，而读取外部状态将使得运行时间变长。