常用sql语句-查询

常用sql语句-查询

sql

---

总览

   
   
SELECT
    [ALL | DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW ]
      [HIGH_PRIORITY]
      [STRAIGHT_JOIN]
      [SQL_SMALL_RESULT] [SQL_BIG_RESULT] [SQL_BUFFER_RESULT]
      [SQL_CACHE | SQL_NO_CACHE] [SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS]
    select_expr [, select_expr ...]
    [FROM table_references
    [WHERE where_condition]
    [GROUP BY {col_name | expr | position}
      [ASC | DESC], ... [WITH ROLLUP]]
    [HAVING where_condition]
    [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position}
      [ASC | DESC], ...]
    [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
    [PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]
    [INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
        [CHARACTER SET charset_name]
        export_options
      | INTO DUMPFILE 'file_name'
      | INTO var_name [, var_name]]
    [FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]

distinct

• 去除重复行

   
   
select distinct * from tableName;

• 返回唯一不同字段值(只能作用于一个字段)

   
   
select distinct fieldName from tableName;

• 统计

   
   
select count(distinct fieldName) from tableName;

as

   
   
select fieldName as newName from tableName;

in

   
   
select * from tableName where fieldName in (value1,value2);

between

   
   
select * from tableName where fieldName between value1 and value2;

is null/not null

   
   
select * from tableName where fieldName is null;

like

• 单个字符

   
   
select * from tableName where like 'xxx_x';

• 多个字符

   
   
select * from tableName where like 'xxx%';

limit

   
   
select * from tableName limit 1;

   
   
select * from tableName limit 0,1;

group by

   
   
select field1,count(field2) from tableName group by field1;

order by

   
   
select * from table order by field;

desc/asc

   
   
select * from table order by field desc;

聚合函数

• AVG() 返回某列的平均值
• COUNT() 返回某列的行数
• MAX() 返回某列的最大值
• MIN() 返回某列的最小值
• SUM() 返回某列值之和

   
   
select count(*) from table;

having

在 SQL 中增加 HAVING 子句原因是，WHERE 关键字无法与合计函数一起使用。

   
   
select field1,count(field2) fromt tableName group by field1 having count(field2)<10;

执行顺序

   
   
(8)SELECT (9)DISTINCT  (11)<Top Num> <select list>
(1)FROM [left_table]
(3)<join_type> JOIN <right_table>
(2)ON <join_condition>
(4)WHERE <where_condition>
(5)GROUP BY <group_by_list>
(6)WITH <CUBE | RollUP>
(7)HAVING <having_condition>
(10)ORDER BY <order_by_list>

1. FROM：对FROM子句中的前两个表执行笛卡尔积（Cartesian product)(交叉联接），生成虚拟表VT1
2. ON：对VT1应用ON筛选器。只有那些使为真的行才被插入VT2。 
   3.OUTER(JOIN)：如 果指定了OUTER JOIN（相对于CROSS JOIN 或(INNER JOIN),保留表（preserved table：左外部联接把左表标记为保留表，右外部联接把右表标记为保留表，完全外部联接把两个表都标记为保留表）中未找到匹配的行将作为外部行添加到 VT2,生成VT3.如果FROM子句包含两个以上的表，则对上一个联接生成的结果表和下一个表重复执行步骤1到步骤3，直到处理完所有的表为止。
3. WHERE：对VT3应用WHERE筛选器。只有使为true的行才被插入VT4.
4. GROUP BY：按GROUP BY子句中的列列表对VT4中的行分组，生成VT5.
5. CUBE|ROLLUP：把超组(Suppergroups)插入VT5,生成VT6.
6. HAVING：对VT6应用HAVING筛选器。只有使为true的组才会被插入VT7.
7. SELECT：处理SELECT列表，产生VT8.
8. DISTINCT：将重复的行从VT8中移除，产生VT9.
9. ORDER BY：将VT9中的行按ORDER BY 子句中的列列表排序，生成游标（VC10).
10. TOP：从VC10的开始处选择指定数量或比例的行，生成表VT11,并返回调用者。

自连接

   
   
SELECT c1.cust_id, c1.cust_name, c1.cust_contact  
FROM Customers AS c1,Customers AS c2  
WHERE c1.cust_name = c2.cust_name  
 AND c2.cust_contact = 'Jim Jones';

自然连接

   
   
SELECT C.*, O.order_num, O.order_date,  
       OI.prod_id, OI.quantity, OI.item_price  
FROM Customers AS C,Orders AS O,OrderItems AS OI  
WHERE C.cust_id = O.cust_id  
 AND OI.order_num = O.order_num  
 AND prod_id = 'RGAN01';

外连接

   
   
select * from a inner join b on a.id=b.id  

   
   
select a.*,b.* from a left join b on a.id=b.id;

   
   
select a.*,b.* from a right join b on a.id=b.id;

子查询

   
   
select * from a where id in (select id from b);

union

   
   
select id from a
union
select id from b;