JavaScript Class模拟基础

Simulating Classes in JavaScript

目前，用js来模拟class是一件非常麻烦的事情，多少有点不优雅。
但是未来的JS肯定会支持class，那么这个语言就是基于class和Prototype的混合继承？到时候会不会越来越混乱呢？笑……


Instance Properties
实例属性
[quote]By default, any object property in JavaScript is an instance property. [/quote]
对象的属性默认状态就是“实例属性”

Instance Methods
实例方法
[quote]In JavaScript, an instance method for a class is defined by setting a property in the constructor's prototype object to a function value.

In Java and C++, the scope of instance methods includes the this object.

return width * height;
In JavaScript, however, you've seen that you must explicitly specify the this keyword for these properties:

return this.width * this.height;

If you find it awkward to have to prefix each instance field with this, you can use the with statement (covered in Section 6.18.) in each of your methods.

Rectangle.prototype.area = function( ) {
with(this) {
return width*height;
}
}

[/quote]
在对象的Prototype对象中顶一个包含方法的属性就可以实现“对象的实例方法”

再诸如Java、C++之类的语言中，实例方法的作用域中包含当前对象，而JavaScript不包括。
所以你要在实例方法中引用实例属性的话就要时刻加上this：

return this.width * this.height;

Class Properties
类属性，也就是在JAVA中由static修饰的变量，是通过定义构造函数对象的内置属性来实现的。

Rectangle.UNIT = new Rectangle(1,1);

Class Methods
类方法，与类属性的实现方式一致

Private Members
私有成员
[quote]JavaScript can simulate this using closures (an advanced topic, covered in Section 8.8.), but to do so, the accessor methods must be stored on each object instance; they cannot be inherited from the prototype object.[/quote]

实现私有变量就是重头戏了，要用到闭包，而且必须和JAVA中一样，通过getter和setter访问他们。在JS中getter和setter必须保存到每个对象的实例中，是不能继承的（否则属性值不就乱了么）。

function ImmutableRectangle(w, h) {
    // This constructor does not store the width and height properties
    // in the object it initializes.  Instead, it simply defines
    // accessor methods in the object.  These methods are closures and
    // the width and height values are captured in their scope chains.
    this.getWidth = function( ) { return w; }
    this.getHeight = function( ) { return h; }
}

// Note that the class can have regular methods in the prototype object.
ImmutableRectangle.prototype.area = function( ) {
    return this.getWidth( ) * this.getHeight( );
};

上例中，getter是在构造函数中定义的，所以确保了它的唯一性。闭包使外界无法通过任何手段来访问原来的定义的“私有变量”。例子中，构造函数的引用已经消失，垃圾回收会回收它，而定义的嵌套函数getWidth和getHeight却保留对原构造函数的引用（意味着这些返回的函数的作用链域中包含原构造函数的活动对象，自然可以访问到其参数值,w和h）

而且如果你只定义了getter，和java中一样，那么这个私有变量是只读的了，所以是ImmutableRectangle。