JDBC

概念

Java Database Connectivity。JDBC是Java应用程序访问数据库的里程碑式解决方案。Java研发者希望用相同的方式访问不同的数据库，以实现与具体数据库无关的Java操作界面。 JDBC定义了一套标准接口，即访问数据库的通用API，不同的数据库厂商根据各自数据库的特点去实现这些接口。

c3p0

c3p0是一种数据库连接池，它扩展了传统的jdbc数据库连接池，底层的连接还是JDBC，只不过做了同步封装和连接池的相关管理。

工作过程

1. 加载驱动 （可省略，JDBC4.0开始通过SPI在第二步自动加载驱动）
2. 建立连接 
3. 创建语句对象 
4. 执行SQL语句 
5. 处理结果集 
6. 关闭连接 

import java.sql.*;

public class FirstExample {
   // JDBC driver name and database URL
   static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";  
   static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/emp";

   //  Database credentials
   static final String USER = "root";
   static final String PASS = "123456";

   public static void main(String[] args) {
   Connection conn = null;
   Statement stmt = null;
   try{
      //STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
      Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

      //STEP 3: Open a connection
      System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
      conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

      //STEP 4: Execute a query
      System.out.println("Creating statement...");
      stmt = conn.createStatement();
      String sql;
      sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
      ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

      //STEP 5: Extract data from result set
      while(rs.next()){
         //Retrieve by column name
         int id  = rs.getInt("id");
         int age = rs.getInt("age");
         String first = rs.getString("first");
         String last = rs.getString("last");

         //Display values
         System.out.print("ID: " + id);
         System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
         System.out.print(", First: " + first);
         System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
      }
      //STEP 6: Clean-up environment
      rs.close();
      stmt.close();
      conn.close();
   }catch(SQLException se){
      //Handle errors for JDBC
      se.printStackTrace();
   }catch(Exception e){
      //Handle errors for Class.forName
      e.printStackTrace();
   }finally{
      //finally block used to close resources
      try{
         if(stmt!=null)
            stmt.close();
      }catch(SQLException se2){
      }// nothing we can do
      try{
         if(conn!=null)
            conn.close();
      }catch(SQLException se){
         se.printStackTrace();
      }//end finally try
   }//end try
   System.out.println("There are so thing wrong!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample