Unsafe源码解析（未完待续)

/*
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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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 */

package sun.misc;

import java.security.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;


/**
 * A collection of methods for performing low-level, unsafe operations.
 * Although the class and all methods are public, use of this class is
 * limited because only trusted code can obtain instances of it.
 *
 * @author John R. Rose
 * @see #getUnsafe
 */

public final class Unsafe {
    /**
     * This constant differs from all results that will ever be returned from
     * {@link #staticFieldOffset}, {@link #objectFieldOffset},
     * or {@link #arrayBaseOffset}.
     */
    public static final int INVALID_FIELD_OFFSET = -1;
    private static final Unsafe theUnsafe = new Unsafe();
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(boolean[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_BYTE_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(short[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_SHORT_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(short[].class);

    /// peek and poke operations
    /// (compilers should optimize these to memory ops)

    // These work on object fields in the Java heap.
    // They will not work on elements of packed arrays.
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(char[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_CHAR_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(char[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(int[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(int[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(long[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_LONG_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(long[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(float[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_FLOAT_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(float[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(double[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_DOUBLE_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(double[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayBaseOffset(Object[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_OBJECT_BASE_OFFSET
            = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset(Object[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_BOOLEAN_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(boolean[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(byte[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_BYTE_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(byte[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(short[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_SHORT_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(short[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(char[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_CHAR_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(char[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(int[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(int[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(long[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_LONG_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(long[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(float[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_FLOAT_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(float[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(double[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_DOUBLE_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(double[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code arrayIndexScale(Object[].class)}
     */
    public static final int ARRAY_OBJECT_INDEX_SCALE
            = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale(Object[].class);
    /**
     * The value of {@code addressSize()}
     */
    public static final int ADDRESS_SIZE = theUnsafe.addressSize();

    //静态代码块中调用registerNatives(),可以得出当类加载时就进行注册。
    static {
        registerNatives();
        sun.reflect.Reflection.registerMethodsToFilter(Unsafe.class, "getUnsafe");
    }

    private Unsafe() {
    }

    //registerNatives()的作用是注册本地方法
    private static native void registerNatives();

    /**
     * Provides the caller with the capability of performing unsafe
     * operations.
     *
     * <p> The returned <code>Unsafe</code> object should be carefully guarded
     * by the caller, since it can be used to read and write data at arbitrary
     * memory addresses.  It must never be passed to untrusted code.
     *
     * <p> Most methods in this class are very low-level, and correspond to a
     * small number of hardware instructions (on typical machines).  Compilers
     * are encouraged to optimize these methods accordingly.
     *
     * <p> Here is a suggested idiom for using unsafe operations:
     *
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * class MyTrustedClass {
     *   private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
     *   ...
     *   private long myCountAddress = ...;
     *   public int getCount() { return unsafe.getByte(myCountAddress); }
     * }
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * <p>
     * (It may assist compilers to make the local variable be
     * <code>final</code>.)
     *
     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and its
     *                           <code>checkPropertiesAccess</code> method doesn't allow
     *                           access to the system properties.
     */
    public static Unsafe getUnsafe() {
        Class cc = sun.reflect.Reflection.getCallerClass(2);
        if (cc.getClassLoader() != null)
            throw new SecurityException("Unsafe");
        return theUnsafe;
    }

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native int getInt(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putInt(Object o, long offset, int x);

    /**
     * 通过给定的Java变量获取引用值。这里实际上是获取一个Java对象o中，
     * 获取偏移地址为offset的属性的值，此方法可以突破修饰符的抑制，
     * 也就是无视private、protected和default修饰符。
     * 类似的方法有getInt、getDouble等等。
     */
    public native Object getObject(Object o, long offset);

    // 将引用值存储到给定的Java变量中。这里实际上是设置一个Java对象o中
    // 偏移地址为offset的属性的值为x，此方法可以突破修饰符的抑制，也就
    // 是无视private、protected和default修饰符。类似的方法有putInt、putDouble等等。
    public native void putObject(Object o, long offset, Object x);

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native boolean getBoolean(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putBoolean(Object o, long offset, boolean x);

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native byte getByte(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putByte(Object o, long offset, byte x);

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native short getShort(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putShort(Object o, long offset, short x);

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native char getChar(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putChar(Object o, long offset, char x);

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native long getLong(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putLong(Object o, long offset, long x);

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native float getFloat(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putFloat(Object o, long offset, float x);

    // These work on values in the C heap.

    /**
     * 同getObject()
     */
    public native double getDouble(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * 同putObject()
     */
    public native void putDouble(Object o, long offset, double x);

    /**
     * This method, like all others with 32-bit offsets, was native
     * in a previous release but is now a wrapper which simply casts
     * the offset to a long value.  It provides backward compatibility
     * with bytecodes compiled against 1.4.
     *
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int getInt(Object o, int offset) {
        return getInt(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putInt(Object o, int offset, int x) {
        putInt(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Object getObject(Object o, int offset) {
        return getObject(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putObject(Object o, int offset, Object x) {
        putObject(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public boolean getBoolean(Object o, int offset) {
        return getBoolean(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putBoolean(Object o, int offset, boolean x) {
        putBoolean(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public byte getByte(Object o, int offset) {
        return getByte(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putByte(Object o, int offset, byte x) {
        putByte(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public short getShort(Object o, int offset) {
        return getShort(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putShort(Object o, int offset, short x) {
        putShort(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public char getChar(Object o, int offset) {
        return getChar(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putChar(Object o, int offset, char x) {
        putChar(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public long getLong(Object o, int offset) {
        return getLong(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putLong(Object o, int offset, long x) {
        putLong(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    // 内存管理

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public float getFloat(Object o, int offset) {
        return getFloat(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putFloat(Object o, int offset, float x) {
        putFloat(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public double getDouble(Object o, int offset) {
        return getDouble(o, (long) offset);
    }

    /**
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, cast the 32-bit offset argument to a long.
     * See {@link #staticFieldOffset}.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void putDouble(Object o, int offset, double x) {
        putDouble(o, (long) offset, x);
    }

    /**
     * 获取给定地址的 byte 类型的值（当且仅当该内存地址为 allocateMemory 分配时，此方法结果为确定的）
     */
    public native byte getByte(long address);

    /**
     * 为给定地址设置 byte 类型的值（当且仅当该内存地址为 allocateMemory 分配时，此方法结果才是确定的）
     */
    public native void putByte(long address, byte x);

    /**
     * 同getByte(long)
     */
    public native short getShort(long address);

    /// random queries

    /**
     * 同putByte(long, byte)
     */
    public native void putShort(long address, short x);

    /**
     * 同getByte(long)
     */
    public native char getChar(long address);

    /**
     * 同putByte(long, byte)
     */
    public native void putChar(long address, char x);

    /**
     * 同getByte(long)
     */
    public native int getInt(long address);

    /**
     * 同putByte(long, byte)
     */
    public native void putInt(long address, int x);

    /**
     * 同getByte(long)
     */
    public native long getLong(long address);

    /**
     * 同putByte(long, byte)
     */
    public native void putLong(long address, long x);

    /**
     * 同getByte(long)
     */
    public native float getFloat(long address);

    /**
     * 同putByte(long, byte)
     */
    public native void putFloat(long address, float x);

    /**
     * 同getByte(long)
     */
    public native double getDouble(long address);

    /**
     * 同putByte(long, byte)
     */
    public native void putDouble(long address, double x);

    /**
     * Fetches a native pointer from a given memory address.  If the address is
     * zero, or does not point into a block obtained from {@link
     * #allocateMemory}, the results are undefined.
     *
     * <p> If the native pointer is less than 64 bits wide, it is extended as
     * an unsigned number to a Java long.  The pointer may be indexed by any
     * given byte offset, simply by adding that offset (as a simple integer) to
     * the long representing the pointer.  The number of bytes actually read
     * from the target address maybe determined by consulting {@link
     * #addressSize}.
     *
     * @see #allocateMemory
     */
    public native long getAddress(long address);

    /**
     * Stores a native pointer into a given memory address.  If the address is
     * zero, or does not point into a block obtained from {@link
     * #allocateMemory}, the results are undefined.
     *
     * <p> The number of bytes actually written at the target address maybe
     * determined by consulting {@link #addressSize}.
     *
     * @see #getAddress(long)
     */
    public native void putAddress(long address, long x);

    // 分配一块新的本地内存，通过bytes指定内存块的大小(单位是byte)，返回新开辟的内存的地址。
    // 如果内存块的内容不被初始化，那么它们一般会变成内存垃圾。生成的本机指针永远不会为零，
    // 并将对所有值类型进行对齐。可以通过freeMemory方法释放内存块，或者通过reallocateMemory方法调整内存块大小。
    // bytes值为负数或者过大会抛出IllegalArgumentException异常，如果系统拒绝分配内存会抛出OutOfMemoryError异常。
    public native long allocateMemory(long bytes);

    // 通过指定的内存地址address重新调整本地内存块的大小，调整后的内存块大小通过bytes指定(单位为byte)。
    // 可以通过freeMemory方法释放内存块，或者通过reallocateMemory方法调整内存块大小。
    // bytes值为负数或者过大会抛出IllegalArgumentException异常，如果系统拒绝分配内存会抛出OutOfMemoryError异常。
    public native long reallocateMemory(long address, long bytes);

    // 将给定内存块中的所有字节设置为固定值(通常是0)。内存块的地址由对象引用o和偏移地址共同决定，如果对象引用o为null，offset就是绝对地址。
    // 第三个参数就是内存块的大小，如果使用allocateMemory进行内存开辟的话，这里的值应该和allocateMemory的参数一致。
    // value就是设置的固定值，一般为0(这里可以参考netty的DirectByteBuffer)。一般而言，o为null，
    // 所有有个重载方法是public native void setMemory(long offset, long bytes, byte value);，
    // 等效于setMemory(null, long offset, long bytes, byte value);。
    public native void setMemory(Object o, long offset, long bytes, byte value);

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a fixed value
     * (usually zero).  This provides a <em>single-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object, long)}.
     *
     * <p>Equivalent to <code>setMemory(null, address, bytes, value)</code>.
     */
    public void setMemory(long address, long bytes, byte value) {
        setMemory(null, address, bytes, value);
    }

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a copy of another
     * block.
     *
     * <p>This method determines each block's base address by means of two parameters,
     * and so it provides (in effect) a <em>double-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object, long)}.  When the object reference is null,
     * the offset supplies an absolute base address.
     *
     * <p>The transfers are in coherent (atomic) units of a size determined
     * by the address and length parameters.  If the effective addresses and
     * length are all even modulo 8, the transfer takes place in 'long' units.
     * If the effective addresses and length are (resp.) even modulo 4 or 2,
     * the transfer takes place in units of 'int' or 'short'.
     *
     * @since 1.7
     */
    public native void copyMemory(Object srcBase, long srcOffset,
                                  Object destBase, long destOffset,
                                  long bytes);

    /**
     * Sets all bytes in a given block of memory to a copy of another
     * block.  This provides a <em>single-register</em> addressing mode,
     * as discussed in {@link #getInt(Object, long)}.
     * <p>
     * Equivalent to <code>copyMemory(null, srcAddress, null, destAddress, bytes)</code>.
     */
    public void copyMemory(long srcAddress, long destAddress, long bytes) {
        copyMemory(null, srcAddress, null, destAddress, bytes);
    }

    /**
     * Disposes of a block of native memory, as obtained from {@link
     * #allocateMemory} or {@link #reallocateMemory}.  The address passed to
     * this method may be null, in which case no action is taken.
     *
     * @see #allocateMemory
     */
    public native void freeMemory(long address);

    /**
     * Returns the offset of a field, truncated to 32 bits.
     * This method is implemented as follows:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * public int fieldOffset(Field f) {
     *     if (Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers()))
     *         return (int) staticFieldOffset(f);
     *     else
     *         return (int) objectFieldOffset(f);
     * }
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, use {@link #staticFieldOffset} for static
     * fields and {@link #objectFieldOffset} for non-static fields.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public int fieldOffset(Field f) {
        if (Modifier.isStatic(f.getModifiers()))
            return (int) staticFieldOffset(f);
        else
            return (int) objectFieldOffset(f);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the base address for accessing some static field
     * in the given class.  This method is implemented as follows:
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * public Object staticFieldBase(Class c) {
     *     Field[] fields = c.getDeclaredFields();
     *     for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
     *         if (Modifier.isStatic(fields[i].getModifiers())) {
     *             return staticFieldBase(fields[i]);
     *         }
     *     }
     *     return null;
     * }
     * </pre></blockquote>
     *
     * @deprecated As of 1.4.1, use {@link #staticFieldBase(Field)}
     * to obtain the base pertaining to a specific {@link Field}.
     * This method works only for JVMs which store all statics
     * for a given class in one place.
     */
    @Deprecated
    public Object staticFieldBase(Class c) {
        Field[] fields = c.getDeclaredFields();
        for (int i = 0; i < fields.length; i++) {
            if (Modifier.isStatic(fields[i].getModifiers())) {
                return staticFieldBase(fields[i]);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Report the location of a given field in the storage allocation of its
     * class.  Do not expect to perform any sort of arithmetic on this offset;
     * it is just a cookie which is passed to the unsafe heap memory accessors.
     *
     * <p>Any given field will always have the same offset and base, and no
     * two distinct fields of the same class will ever have the same offset
     * and base.
     *
     * <p>As of 1.4.1, offsets for fields are represented as long values,
     * although the Sun JVM does not use the most significant 32 bits.
     * However, JVM implementations which store static fields at absolute
     * addresses can use long offsets and null base pointers to express
     * the field locations in a form usable by {@link #getInt(Object, long)}.
     * Therefore, code which will be ported to such JVMs on 64-bit platforms
     * must preserve all bits of static field offsets.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    public native long staticFieldOffset(Field f);

    /**
     * Report the location of a given static field, in conjunction with {@link
     * #staticFieldBase}.
     * <p>Do not expect to perform any sort of arithmetic on this offset;
     * it is just a cookie which is passed to the unsafe heap memory accessors.
     *
     * <p>Any given field will always have the same offset, and no two distinct
     * fields of the same class will ever have the same offset.
     *
     * <p>As of 1.4.1, offsets for fields are represented as long values,
     * although the Sun JVM does not use the most significant 32 bits.
     * It is hard to imagine a JVM technology which needs more than
     * a few bits to encode an offset within a non-array object,
     * However, for consistency with other methods in this class,
     * this method reports its result as a long value.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     */
    public native long objectFieldOffset(Field f);

    /**
     * Report the location of a given static field, in conjunction with {@link
     * #staticFieldOffset}.
     * <p>Fetch the base "Object", if any, with which static fields of the
     * given class can be accessed via methods like {@link #getInt(Object,
     * long)}.  This value may be null.  This value may refer to an object
     * which is a "cookie", not guaranteed to be a real Object, and it should
     * not be used in any way except as argument to the get and put routines in
     * this class.
     */
    public native Object staticFieldBase(Field f);

    /**
     * Ensure the given class has been initialized. This is often
     * needed in conjunction with obtaining the static field base of a
     * class.
     */
    public native void ensureClassInitialized(Class c);

    /**
     * Report the offset of the first element in the storage allocation of a
     * given array class.  If {@link #arrayIndexScale} returns a non-zero value
     * for the same class, you may use that scale factor, together with this
     * base offset, to form new offsets to access elements of arrays of the
     * given class.
     *
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass);

    /**
     * Report the scale factor for addressing elements in the storage
     * allocation of a given array class.  However, arrays of "narrow" types
     * will generally not work properly with accessors like {@link
     * #getByte(Object, int)}, so the scale factor for such classes is reported
     * as zero.
     *
     * @see #arrayBaseOffset
     * @see #getInt(Object, long)
     * @see #putInt(Object, long, int)
     */
    public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass);

    //获取本地指针的大小(单位是byte)，通常值为4或者8。常量ADDRESS_SIZE就是调用此方法。
    public native int addressSize();

    //获取本地内存的页数，此值为2的幂次方。
    public native int pageSize();


    /// random trusted operations from JNI:

    /**
     * Tell the VM to define a class, without security checks.  By default, the
     * class loader and protection domain come from the caller's class.
     */
    public native Class defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
                                    ClassLoader loader,
                                    ProtectionDomain protectionDomain);

    public native Class defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len);

    /**
     * 这个方法的使用可以看R大的知乎回答：JVM crashes at libjvm.so，下面截取一点内容解释此方法。
     * <p>
     * 1、VM Anonymous Class可以看作一种模板机制，如果程序要动态生成很多结构相同、只是若干变量不同的类的话，
     * 可以先创建出一个包含占位符常量的正常类作为模板，然后利用sun.misc.Unsafe#defineAnonymousClass()方法，
     * 传入该类(host class，宿主类或者模板类)以及一个作为"constant pool path"的数组来替换指定的常量为任意值，
     * 结果得到的就是一个替换了常量的VM Anonymous Class。
     * 2、VM Anonymous Class从VM的角度看是真正的"没有名字"的，在构造出来之后只能通过Unsafe#defineAnonymousClass()
     * 返回出来一个Class实例来进行反射操作。
     * 还有其他几点看以自行阅读。这个方法虽然翻译为"定义匿名类"，但是它所定义的类和实际的匿名类有点不相同，
     * 因此一般情况下我们不会用到此方法。在Jdk中lambda表达式相关的东西用到它，可以看InnerClassLambdaMetafactory这个类。
     */
    public native Class defineAnonymousClass(Class hostClass, byte[] data, Object[] cpPatches);


    /**
     * 通过Class对象创建一个类的实例，不需要调用其构造函数、初始化代码、JVM安全检查等等。
     * 同时，它抑制修饰符检测，也就是即使构造器是private修饰的也能通过此方法实例化。
     */
    public native Object allocateInstance(Class cls)
            throws InstantiationException;

    // 锁定对象，必须通过monitorExit方法才能解锁。
    // 此方法经过实验是可以重入的，也就是可以多次调用，
    // 然后通过多次调用monitorExit进行解锁。
    public native void monitorEnter(Object o);

    // 解锁对象，前提是对象必须已经调用monitorEnter进行加锁，
    // 否则抛出IllegalMonitorStateException异常。
    public native void monitorExit(Object o);

    // 尝试锁定对象，如果加锁成功返回true，否则返回false。
    // 必须通过monitorExit方法才能解锁。
    public native boolean tryMonitorEnter(Object o);

    // 绕过检测机制直接抛出异常。
    public native void throwException(Throwable ee);


    /**
     * 针对Object对象进行CAS操作。即是对应Java变量引用o，原子性地更新o中偏移地址为offset的属性的值为x，
     * 当且仅的偏移地址为offset的属性的当前值为expected才会更新成功返回true，否则返回false。
     *
     * @param o        目标Java变量引用。
     * @param offset   目标Java变量中的目标属性的偏移地址。
     * @param expected 目标Java变量中的目标属性的期望的当前值。
     * @param x        目标Java变量中的目标属性的目标更新值。
     *                 类似的方法有compareAndSwapInt和compareAndSwapLong，
     *                 在Jdk8中基于CAS扩展出来的方法有getAndAddInt、getAndAddLong、
     *                 getAndSetInt、getAndSetLong、getAndSetObject，它们的作用都是：通过CAS设置新的值，返回旧的值。
     */
    public final native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object o, long offset,
                                                     Object expected,
                                                     Object x);

    /**
     * Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
     * holding <tt>expected</tt>.
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
     */
    public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object o, long offset,
                                                  int expected,
                                                  int x);

    /**
     * Atomically update Java variable to <tt>x</tt> if it is currently
     * holding <tt>expected</tt>.
     *
     * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful
     */
    public final native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object o, long offset,
                                                   long expected,
                                                   long x);

    /**
     * Fetches a reference value from a given Java variable, with volatile
     * load semantics. Otherwise identical to {@link #getObject(Object, long)}
     */
    public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Stores a reference value into a given Java variable, with
     * volatile store semantics. Otherwise identical to {@link #putObject(Object, long, Object)}
     */
    public native void putObjectVolatile(Object o, long offset, Object x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getInt(Object, long)}
     */
    public native int getIntVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putInt(Object, long, int)}
     */
    public native void putIntVolatile(Object o, long offset, int x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getBoolean(Object, long)}
     */
    public native boolean getBooleanVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putBoolean(Object, long, boolean)}
     */
    public native void putBooleanVolatile(Object o, long offset, boolean x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getByte(Object, long)}
     */
    public native byte getByteVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putByte(Object, long, byte)}
     */
    public native void putByteVolatile(Object o, long offset, byte x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getShort(Object, long)}
     */
    public native short getShortVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putShort(Object, long, short)}
     */
    public native void putShortVolatile(Object o, long offset, short x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getChar(Object, long)}
     */
    public native char getCharVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putChar(Object, long, char)}
     */
    public native void putCharVolatile(Object o, long offset, char x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getLong(Object, long)}
     */
    public native long getLongVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putLong(Object, long, long)}
     */
    public native void putLongVolatile(Object o, long offset, long x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getFloat(Object, long)}
     */
    public native float getFloatVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putFloat(Object, long, float)}
     */
    public native void putFloatVolatile(Object o, long offset, float x);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #getDouble(Object, long)}
     */
    public native double getDoubleVolatile(Object o, long offset);

    /**
     * Volatile version of {@link #putDouble(Object, long, double)}
     */
    public native void putDoubleVolatile(Object o, long offset, double x);

    /**
     * Version of {@link #putObjectVolatile(Object, long, Object)}
     * that does not guarantee immediate visibility of the store to
     * other threads. This method is generally only useful if the
     * underlying field is a Java volatile (or if an array cell, one
     * that is otherwise only accessed using volatile accesses).
     */
    public native void putOrderedObject(Object o, long offset, Object x);

    /**
     * Ordered/Lazy version of {@link #putIntVolatile(Object, long, int)}
     */
    public native void putOrderedInt(Object o, long offset, int x);

    /**
     * Ordered/Lazy version of {@link #putLongVolatile(Object, long, long)}
     */
    public native void putOrderedLong(Object o, long offset, long x);

    /**
     * 释放被park创建的在一个线程上的阻塞。这个方法也可以被使用来终止一个先前调用park导致的阻塞。
     * 这个操作是不安全的，因此必须保证线程是存活的(thread has not been destroyed)。
     * 从Java代码中判断一个线程是否存活的是显而易见的，但是从native代码中这机会是不可能自动完成的。
     *
     * @param thread 释放线程阻塞
     */
    public native void unpark(Object thread);

    /**
     * 阻塞当前线程直到一个unpark方法出现(被调用)、一个用于unpark方法已经出现过(在此park方法调用之前已经调用过)、
     * 线程被中断或者time时间到期(也就是阻塞超时)。在time非零的情况下，如果isAbsolute为true，time是相对于新纪元之后的毫秒，
     * 否则time表示纳秒。这个方法执行时也可能不合理地返回(没有具体原因)。
     * 并发包java.util.concurrent中的框架对线程的挂起操作被封装在LockSupport类中，
     * LockSupport类中有各种版本pack方法，但最终都调用了Unsafe#park()方法。
     */
    public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time);

    /**
     * 获取系统的平均负载值，loadavg这个double数组将会存放负载值的结果，
     * nelems决定样本数量，nelems只能取值为1到3，分别代表最近1、5、15分钟内系统的平均负载。
     * 如果无法获取系统的负载，此方法返回-1，否则返回获取到的样本数量(loadavg中有效的元素个数)。
     * 实验中这个方法一直返回-1，其实完全可以使用JMX中的相关方法替代此方法。
     */
    public native int getLoadAverage(double[] loadavg, int nelems);
}