(Python Primary) - 廖雪峰Python3 - 10.错误、调试和测试

10.错误、调试和测试

10.1错误处理

• try...catch机制

try:
    print('try...')
    r = 10 / 0
    print('result:', r)
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    print('except:', e)
else:
    print('no error!')		#如果没有错误发生
finally:
    print('finally...')
print('END')

• 所有的错误类型都继承自BaseException

• 调用栈：如果错误没有被捕获，它就会一直往上抛，最后被Python解释器捕获，打印一个错误信息，然后程序退出

• 记录错误：logging模块，还可以把错误日志记录到文件里方便排查

# err_logging.py

import logging

def foo(s):
    return 10 / int(s)
def bar(s):
    return foo(s) * 2
def main():
    try:
        bar('0')
    except Exception as e:
        logging.exception(e)
main()
print('END')

• 抛出错误：raise（如果不带参数就抛出原错误，还可以把一个错误转为另一种类型）

def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    if n==0:
        raise ValueError('invalid value: %s' % s)
    return 10 / n

def bar():
    try:
        foo('0')
    except ValueError as e:
        print('ValueError!')
        raise

bar()

10.2调试

• print()调试
• assert()（可以用python -O err.py关闭）

def foo(s):
    n = int(s)
    assert n != 0, 'n is zero!'	# 若条件不满足，就抛出AssertionError错误
    return 10 / n

def main():
    foo('0')

• logging，不会抛出错误，可以输出到文件，允许你指定记录信息的级别，有debug，info，warning，error等几个级别

import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

• pdb，Python的调试器，让程序以单步运行，随时查看运行状态

$ python -m pdb err.py
> /Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/err.py(2)<module>()
-> s = '0'
(Pdb) l
  1     # err.py
  2  -> s = '0'
  3     n = int(s)
  4     print(10 / n)
(Pdb) n
> /Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/err.py(3)<module>()
-> n = int(s)
(Pdb) n
> /Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/err.py(4)<module>()
-> print(10 / n)
(Pdb) p s	# 输入命令p 变量名来查看变量
'0'
(Pdb) p n	# 输入命令q结束调试，退出程序
0
(Pdb) q

• pdb.set_trace()，只需要import pdb，在可能出错的地方放一个pdb.set_trace()
• IDE

10.3单元测试(unit_test)

• 编写需要测试的类

class Dict(dict):

    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super().__init__(**kw)

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value

• 编写测试类，测试函数必须以test_xxx()开头

import unittest

from mydict import Dict
	
class TestDict(unittest.TestCase):		# 测试类，从unittest.TestCase继承

    def test_init(self):
        d = Dict(a=1, b='test')
        self.assertEqual(d.a, 1)
        self.assertEqual(d.b, 'test')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(d, dict))

    def test_key(self):
        d = Dict()
        d['key'] = 'value'
        self.assertEqual(d.key, 'value')

    def test_attr(self):
        d = Dict()
        d.key = 'value'
        self.assertTrue('key' in d)
        self.assertEqual(d['key'], 'value')

    def test_keyerror(self):
        d = Dict()
        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
            value = d['empty']

    def test_attrerror(self):
        d = Dict()
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            value = d.empty

• 常用的断言

  • assertEqual()

    self.assertEqual(abs(-1), 1) # 断言函数返回的结果与1相等
    

  • assertRaises()

    with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
        value = d['empty']
    

• 运行单元测试

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
# or
python mydict_test.py
# or
python -m unittest mydict_test

• setUp与tearDown，这两个方法会分别在每调用一个测试方法的前后分别被执行

10.4文档测试doctest

• Python内置的“文档测试”（doctest）模块可以直接提取注释中的代码并执行测试

• e.g.

# mydict2.py
class Dict(dict):
    '''
    Simple dict but also support access as x.y style.

    >>> d1 = Dict()
    >>> d1['x'] = 100
    >>> d1.x
    100
    >>> d1.y = 200
    >>> d1['y']
    200
    >>> d2 = Dict(a=1, b=2, c='3')
    >>> d2.c
    '3'
    >>> d2['empty']
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    KeyError: 'empty'
    >>> d2.empty
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'empty'
    '''
    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super(Dict, self).__init__(**kw)

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Dict' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)

    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self[key] = value

if __name__=='__main__':
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()

• 比如把__getattr__()方法注释掉，再运行就会报错

$ python mydict2.py
**********************************************************************
File "/Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/mydict2.py", line 10, in __main__.Dict
Failed example:
    d1.x
Exception raised:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'x'
**********************************************************************
File "/Users/michael/Github/learn-python3/samples/debug/mydict2.py", line 16, in __main__.Dict
Failed example:
    d2.c
Exception raised:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    AttributeError: 'Dict' object has no attribute 'c'
**********************************************************************
1 items had failures:
   2 of   9 in __main__.Dict
***Test Failed*** 2 failures.

参考教程

廖雪峰老师的Python3教程

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