【MySQL】子查询

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已于 2023-03-01 15:31:35 修改

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分类专栏： MySQL 文章标签： mysql 数据库 sql

于 2023-02-14 20:28:18 首次发布

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子查询

子查询

子查询指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句内部的查询，这个特性从MySQL 4.1开始引入。
SQL 中子查询的使用大大增强了 SELECT 查询的能力，因为很多时候查询需要从结果集中获取数据，或者需要从同一个表中先计算得出一个数据结果，然后与这个数据结果（可能是某个标量，也可能是某个集合）进行比较。

1、子查询的基本使用

在这里插入图片描述

子查询（内查询）在主查询之前一次执行完成。
子查询的结果被主查询（外查询）使用。
子查询要包含在括号内
将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

1、查找比Abel工资高的员工
#方式一：
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#方式二：自连接
SELECT e2.last_name, e2.salary
FROM employees e1, employees e2
WHERE e1.last_name = 'Abel'
AND e1.salary < e2.salary;

#方式三：子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
				SELECT salary
				FROM employees
				WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
				);

题目中子查询和自连接方式对比，自连接效率更高。
子查询实际上是通过未知表进行查询后的条件判断。
自连接是通过已知的自身数据表进行条件判断，因此在大部分 DBMS 中都对自连接处理进行了优化。

2、单行子查询

2.1、单行比较查询

单行比较操作符
>= > = <= < <>

1、题目：查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 
			(SELECT salary
			FROM employees
			WHERE employee_id = 149);
			
2、题目：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 
			(SELECT job_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary > 
			(SELECT salary
			FROM employees
			WHERE employee_id = 143);

3、题目：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = 
			(SELECT MIN(salary)
			FROM employees);

4、查询与141号或174号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id，manager_id，department_id
# 实现方式1：不成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN
	(SELECT manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND department_id IN
	(SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id IN (174,141))
AND employee_id NOT IN(174,141);

# 实现方式2：成对比较
SELECT employee_id, manager_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id, department_id) IN
	(SELECT manager_id, department_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id IN (141,174))
AND employee_id NOT IN (141,174);

2.2、HAVING 中的子查询

首先执行子查询。
向主查询中的HAVING 子句返回结果。

题目：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >
	(SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	WHERE department_id = 50);

2.3、CASE中的子查询

题目：显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800
的department_id相同，则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’。
SELECT employee_id, last_name
	(CASE department_id
	 WHEN (SELECT department_id
	       FROM employees
				 WHERE location_id = 1800)
	 ) THEN
		'Canada'
	 ELSE
		'USA'
	 END)
FROM employees;

3、多行子查询

多行子查询也称为集合比较子查询
内查询返回多行
使用多行比较操作符

操作符	含义
IN	等于列表中的任意一个
ANY	需要和单行比较操作符一起使用，和子查询返回的某一个值比较
ALL	需要和单行比较操作符一起使用，和子查询返回的所有值比较
SOME	实际上是ANY的别名，作用相同，一般常使用ANY

1、题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY ( 
				SELECT salary
				FROM employees
				WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
# ANY结果集中salary只要比目标部门最大值小即可

2、题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL  
				( SELECT salary
				FROM employees
				WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
# ALL结果集中salary都比目标部门最小值小

3、题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id
# 方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = 
			 (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
			  FROM (
					SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
					FROM employees
					GROUP BY department_id
					) dept_avg_sal
			 );
# 方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
						SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal 
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						);

4、相关子查询

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询，每执行一次外部查询，子查询都要重新计算一次，这样的子查询就称之为关联子查询。
相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行，主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询。

1、题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id
# 方式一：相关子查询
SELECT last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > 
	(SELECT AVG(salary)
	FROM employees e2
	WHERE e2.department_id = e1.department_id);
	
# 方式二：在 FROM 中使用子查询
SELECT last_name, salary, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1, 
			(SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) dept_avg_sal 
			 FROM employees 
			 GROUP BY department_id) e2
WHERE e1.department_id = e2.department_id
AND e1.salary > e2.dept_avg_sal;

from型的子查询：子查询是作为from的一部分，子查询要用()引起来，并且要给这个子查询取别名，把它当成一张“临时的虚拟的表”来使用。

3、题目：查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序
SELECT employee_id, salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
		SELECT department_name
		FROM departments d
		WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
		);

4、题目：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (SELECT COUNT(*)
		  	FROM job_history
			WHERE employee_id = e.employee_id);

5、EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字

关联子查询通常也会和 EXISTS操作符一起来使用，用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行。
如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行：条件返回 FALSE，继续在子查询中查找。
如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行：条件返回 TRUE，不再子查询中继续查找。
NOT EXISTS关键字表示如果不存在某种条件，则返回TRUE，否则返回FALSE。

1、题目：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息
# 方式一：
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees e1 
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT *
				FROM employees e2
				WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.manager_id);

# 方式二：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name, e1.job_id, e1.department_id
FROM employees e1 JOIN employees e2 
WHERE e1.employee_id = e2.employee_id;

# 方式三：
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
					SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
					FROM employees);
					
2、题目：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name
SELECT department_id, department_name
FROM departments d 
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT *
				  FROM employees
				  WHERE department_id = d.department_id);

6、练习

嵌套select子表，子表必须要有别名。From … rename.
作为函数子集，子表不能有别名。ANY(no name);

#1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
						SELECT department_id 
						FROM employees
						WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey');

#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);

#3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN'的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ALL (SELECT salary FROM employees
					WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN');

#4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = ANY ( SELECT department_id
							FROM employees
							WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%');

#5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
						FROM departments
						WHERE location_id = 1700);

#6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN ( SELECT employee_id FROM employees
					  WHERE last_name = 'King');

#7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary
SELECT last_name, salary 
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees);

#8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息  -- 步骤拆分
# i: 构造部门平均工资子表
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) dept_avgsal   
FROM employees 
GROUP BY department_id;

# ii: 从子表选出部门最低平均工资，子表要有别名
#     不能直接MIN(SELECT...)，
SELECT MIN(dept_avgsal)   
FROM (i) t_dept_avgsal; 		 
# 第ii步不能SELECT department_id，MIN(dept_avgsal) ...，
# 会出现 department_id为 NULL，MIN(dept_avgsal) 正常

# iii: 根据平均工资，选出最低平均工资对应的部门id
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (ii);

## iv: 选出dept_Id对应的部门信息
SELECT * FROM departments WHERE department_id = (iii); 

-- 方法1
SELECT * 
FROM departments
WHERE department_id =  (SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MIN(dept_avgsal)
											  FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
											        FROM employees
												    GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avgsal)); 
												    -- 嵌套select子表要有别名
-- 方法2 <=ALL
SELECT * 
FROM departments
WHERE department_id =  (SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL ( SELECT AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
													FROM employees
													GROUP BY department_id)); 
													-- 作为变量不能有子表名
-- 方法3 ORDER BY LIMIT 
SELECT * 
FROM departments
WHERE department_id =  (SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING AVG(salary) = (  SELECT AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
												FROM employees
												GROUP BY department_id
												ORDER BY dept_avgsal
												LIMIT 0, 1)); 
												-- 不能有子表名
-- 方法4 
SELECT * 
FROM departments d, (
					 SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) dept_avgsal
					 FROM employees
					 GROUP BY department_id
					 ORDER BY dept_avgsal
					 LIMIT 0, 1) t_dept_avgsal
WHERE d.department_id =  t_dept_avgsal.department_id;

#9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资（相关子查询）
# 方法1：
SELECT d.*, AVG(salary)
FROM employees e 
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
GROUP BY e.department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
					  FROM (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id) t_avg_sal);

# 方法2：
SELECT d.*, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM departments d 
JOIN employees e 
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE d.department_id = (SELECT department_id
						 FROM employees
						 GROUP BY department_id
						 HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL( SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
													FROM employees
													GROUP BY department_id));
# 方法3：																										
SELECT d.*, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM departments d 
JOIN employees e 
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
WHERE d.department_id = (SELECT department_id
						 FROM employees
						 GROUP BY department_id
						 HAVING AVG(salary) = ( SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
												FROM employees
												GROUP BY department_id
												ORDER BY avg_sal 
												LIMIT 0, 1));	
																								
# 方法4：																																																		
SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d 
JOIN (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
	  FROM employees
	  GROUP BY department_id
	  HAVING AVG(salary) = (SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id
							ORDER BY avg_sal 
							LIMIT 0, 1)) t_avg_sal
ON d.department_id = t_avg_sal.department_id;

# 方法5：		
SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d, (
					 SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
					 FROM employees
					 GROUP BY department_id
					 HAVING AVG(salary) = ( SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
											FROM employees
											GROUP BY department_id
											ORDER BY avg_sal 
											LIMIT 0, 1)) t_avg_sal 
WHERE d.department_id = t_avg_sal.department_id;

# 方法6：	
SELECT d.*, avg_sal
FROM departments d, (	SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						ORDER BY avg_sal 
						LIMIT 0, 1) t_avg_sal 
WHERE d.department_id = t_avg_sal.department_id;

#10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
SELECT j.*, avg_sal
FROM jobs j, (  SELECT job_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY job_id
				ORDER BY avg_sal DESC 
				LIMIT 0, 1) t_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = t_avg_sal.job_id;

#11.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL    -- 注意
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING avg_sal > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);

#12.查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (SELECT DISTINCT manager_id FROM employees);

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (  SELECT *
				FROM employees e2
				WHERE e2.manager_id = e1.employee_id);

#13.各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资员工信息?
SELECT employee_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees e,
				(SELECT department_id, MAX(salary) max_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY department_id
				ORDER BY max_sal
				LIMIT 0,1) dept_max_sal
WHERE e.department_id = dept_max_sal.department_id

#14.查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
SELECT last_name, employee_id, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees e, ( SELECT manager_id
					FROM departments
					WHERE department_id = ( SELECT department_id
											FROM employees
											GROUP BY department_id
											ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
											LIMIT 0, 1)) t_magr
WHERE e.employee_id = t_magr.manager_id;


SELECT employee_id,last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
						SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
						FROM employees
						WHERE department_id = (
												SELECT department_id
												FROM employees e
												GROUP BY department_id
												HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL(
																			SELECT AVG(salary)
																			FROM employees
																			GROUP BY department_id
																		 )
											  )
					);

#15. 查询部门的部门号，其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT department_id   -- distinct可去
							FROM employees
							WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK');
														
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
					SELECT *
					FROM employees e
					WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
					AND job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
);

#16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

SELECT last_name
FROM employees e1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
					SELECT *
					FROM employees e2
					WHERE e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id
);

#17．查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资，其中员工的管理者为 'De Haan'
SELECT employee_id, last_name, hire_date, salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (SELECT employee_id FROM employees
				    WHERE last_name = 'De Haan');

#18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资（相关子查询）
SELECT e.employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees e,  (SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
					FROM employees
					GROUP BY department_id) t_avgsal
WHERE e.department_id = t_avgsal.department_id   -- 注意是department_id
AND salary > t_avgsal.avg_sal;

	
# 相关子查询
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id FROM employees 
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING salary > AVG(salary));

#19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称（相关子查询）
SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING COUNT(employee_id) > 5);

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
			SELECT COUNT(*)
			FROM employees e
			WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
			);

#20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号（相关子查询）
SELECT country_id
FROM locations
WHERE location_id IN (  SELECT location_id
						FROM departments
						GROUP BY location_id
						HAVING COUNT(department_id) > 2);
						
SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (
			SELECT COUNT(*)
			FROM departments d
			WHERE l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
			);