For the purpose of this discussion, we consider database to be a collection of relate data and a database base management system to be the software that manage and control access to the database.
1.2.1 File-Based Approach
File-based System:A collection of application programs that perform services for end-users ,such as the production of reports.Each program defines
and manages its own data.
Consider the effort that would be required to answer the following
question:
what is the annual total for staff salaries?
What is the expected monthly net income for the next financial year?
1.2.2 Limitation of File-based ApproachThe decentralized approach was taken.
separation and isolation of data
duplication of data
data dependence
incompatitile file formats
fixed queries of application programs
1.3.1 The Database
Database:
A shared collection of logically related data and its description,designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
1.the approach taken with database systems,...,is similar to the approach taken in modern software development
where an internal definition of an object and a separate external definition are provided.The users see only the external definition and are unaware of how the object is defined about how it functions.
One advantage of this approach known as data abstraction, is that we can change the internal defition of an object without affecting the users of the object .
Another expression in definition of a database that we should explain is “logical related”....
An entity is(=) a distinct object in the organization that is to be represented in the database.
1.3.2 The database Management SystemAn attribute is(=) a property that describe some aspect of the object that we wish to record, and a relationship is a association between entities.
DBMS: A software system that enables users to define,create,and control access to the database.
• it allow users to define the database , usually through a Data Definition Language(DDL).The DDL allows users to specify the data type and structures and the constraints on the data to be stored in the database.
• It allow users to insert , update, delete,and retrieve data from the database,usually through the Data Manipulation Language(DML)。The most common query language is the Structure Query language.
• It provide the control access to the database,for example,include:
security systemintegrity systemconcurrency systemrecovery system
A computer program that interacts with the database by issuing an appropriate request to the DBMS.
Views: a DBMS provides another facility known as a view mechanism, which allow each users to have his or her own view of the database.
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedure:refer the instructions and rules that govern the design and the use of the database .
• data and database administrator
• database designer
• application developer
• end-users1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators
Data Administrator: responsible for management of the data source.
Database Administrator: responsible for the physical realization of the database.
1.4.2 Database designerslogical database designer is concerned with identify the data,the relationship between the data , and the constraints on the data that is to be
stored in the database.