程序5-3 LINEDEMO画一个矩形、一个椭圆、一个圆角矩形和两条线段,不过不是按这一顺序。程序表明了定义封闭区域的函数实际上对这些区域进行了填入,因为在椭圆后面的线被遮住了,结果如图5-12中所示。
程序5-3 LINEDEMO LINEDEMO.C /*--------------------------------------------------------- LINEDEMO.C -- Line-Drawing Demonstration Program (c) Charles Petzold, 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------*/ #include <windows.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ; int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow) { static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("LineDemo") ; HWND hwnd ; MSG msg ; WNDCLASS wndclass ; wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ; wndclass.lpfnWndProc= WndProc ; wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ; wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ; wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ; wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ; wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ; wndclass.hbrBackground= (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ; wndclass.lpszMenuName= NULL ; wndclass.lpszClassName= szAppName ; if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass)) { MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ; return 0 ; } hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, TEXT ("Line Demonstration"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ; ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ; UpdateWindow (hwnd) ; while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage (&msg) ; DispatchMessage (&msg) ; } return msg.wParam ; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { static int cxClient, cyClient ; HDC hdc ; PAINTSTRUCT ps ; switch (message) { case WM_SIZE: cxClient = LOWORD (lParam) ; cyClient = HIWORD (lParam) ; return 0 ; case WM_PAINT: hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps) ; Rectangle (hdc, cxClient / 8, cyClient / 8, 7 * cxClient / 8, 7 * cyClient / 8) ; MoveToEx (hdc, 0, 0, NULL) ; LineTo (hdc, cxClient, cyClient) ; MoveToEx (hdc, 0, cyClient, NULL) ; LineTo (hdc, cxClient, 0) ; Ellipse (hdc, cxClient / 8, cyClient / 8, 7 * cxClient / 8, 7 * cyClient / 8) ; RoundRect (hdc, cxClient / 4, cyClient / 4, 3 * cxClient / 4, 3 * cyClient / 4, cxClient / 4, cyClient / 4) ; EndPaint (hwnd, &ps) ; return 0 ; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage (0) ; return 0 ; } return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ; }
图5-12 LINEDEMO显示 |
贝塞尔曲线
「曲尺」这个词从前指的是一片木头、橡皮或者金属,用来在纸上画曲线。比如说,如果您有一些不同图点,您想要在它们之间画一条曲线(内插或者外插),您首先将这些点描在绘图纸上,然后,将曲尺定在这些点上,并用铅笔沿着曲尺绕着这些点弯曲的方向画曲线。
当然,时至今日,曲尺已经数学公式化了。有很多种不同的曲尺公式,它们各有千秋。贝塞尔曲线是计算机程序设计中用得最广的曲尺公式之一,它是直到最近才加到操作系统层次的图形支持中的。在六十年代Renault汽车公司进行了由手工设计车体(要用到粘土)到计算机辅助设计的转变。他们需要一些数学工具,而Pierm Bezier找到了一套公式,最后显示出这套公式应付这样的工作非常有用。
此后,二维的贝塞尔曲线成了计算机图学中最有用的曲线(在直线和椭圆之后)。在PostScript中,所有曲线都用贝塞尔曲线表示-椭圆线用贝塞尔曲线来逼近。贝塞尔曲线也用于定义PostScript字体的字符轮廓(TrueType使用一种更简单更快速的曲尺公式)。
一条二维的贝塞尔曲线由四个点定义-两个端点和两个控制点。曲线的端点在两个端点上,控制点就好像「磁石」一样把曲线从两个端点间的直线处拉走。这一点可以由底下的BEZIER互动交谈程序做出最好的展示,如程序5-4所示。
程序5-4 BEZIER BEZIER.C /*----------------------------------------------------------------------- BEZIER.C -- Bezier Splines Demo (c) Charles Petzold, 1998 ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ #include <windows.h> LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) ; int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow) { static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("Bezier") ; HWND hwnd ; MSG msg ; WNDCLASS wndclass ; wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW ; wndclass.lpfnWndProc= WndProc ; wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0 ; wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ; wndclass.hInstance = hInstance ; wndclass.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION) ; wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW) ; wndclass.hbrBackground= (HBRUSH) GetStockObject (WHITE_BRUSH) ; wndclass.lpszMenuName= NULL ; wndclass.lpszClassName= szAppName ; if (!RegisterClass (&wndclass)) { MessageBox (NULL, TEXT ("Program requires Windows NT!"), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR) ; return 0 ; } hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, TEXT ("Bezier Splines"), WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL) ; ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow) ; UpdateWindow (hwnd) ; while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0)) { TranslateMessage (&msg) ; DispatchMessage (&msg) ; } return msg.wParam ; } void DrawBezier (HDC hdc, POINT apt[]) { PolyBezier (hdc, apt, 4) ; MoveToEx (hdc, apt[0].x, apt[0].y, NULL) ; LineTo (hdc, apt[1].x, apt[1].y) ; MoveToEx (hdc, apt[2].x, apt[2].y, NULL) ; LineTo (hdc, apt[3].x, apt[3].y) ; } LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wP