VRRP协议和实验题

VRRP协议

VRRP概述

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol，也即虚拟路由器冗余协议。利用VRRP，一组路由器（同一个LAN中的接口）协同工作，但只有一个处于Master状态，处于该状态的路由器（的接口）承担实际的数据流量转发任务。在一个VRRP组内的多个路由器接口共用一个虚拟P地址，该地址被作为局域网内所有主机的缺省网关地址。
VRRP决定哪个路由器是Master Master路由器负责接收发送至用户网关的数据包并进行转发，以及响应PC对于其网关IP地址的ARP请求。
Backup路由器侦听Master路由器的状态，并在Master路由器发生故障时，接替其工作，从而保证业务流量的平滑切换。

VRRP术语

VRRP路由器：
运行VRRP的路由器。一台VRRP路由器（的接口）可以同时参与到多个VRRP组中，在不同的组中，一台VRRP路由器可以充当不同的角色。
VRRP组：
一个VRRP组由多个VRRP路由器组成，使用相同的VRID)( Virtual Router lD ，虚拟路由器ID)进行标识，属于同一VRRP组的VRRP路由器互相交换信息，每一个VRRP组中只能有一个Master。
虚拟路由器：
对于每一个VRRP组，抽象出来的一个逻辑路由器，该路由器充当网络用户的网关，该路由器并非真实存在，事实上对于用户而言，只需知道虚拟路由器的P)至于具体的虚拟路由器的角色由谁来承担、数据转发任务由谁来承担、Master故障后谁来接替，这是VRRP的工作。
虚拟IP地址、MAC地址：
虚拟IP地址就是虚拟路由器的IP地址，该地址实际上就是用户的网关地址。虚拟MAC地址是虚拟路由器根据VRID牛成的MAC地址。一个虚拟路由器拥有一个虚拟MAC地址),格式为（Oo-00-5E-O0-O1){VRID}。
Master、Backup路由器:
.Master路由器:在VRRP组中实际转发数据包的路由器，在每一个VRRP组中，仅有Master响应对虚拟IP地址的ARP请求。Master路由器同时以一定的时间间隔发送VRRP消息，以便通知Backup路由器自己的存活情况。
.Backup路由器︰处于监听状态的路由器，一旦Master路由器出现故障，Backup路由器就开始接替工作。
选举依据︰先比较接口VRRP优先级(比大），如果相等，则比较接口IP地址（比大）。
VRRP状态机
VRRP协议的状态共有三种，分别是Initialize ,Master，Backup，初始状态都是Initialize，通过比较优先级产生Master和Backup，在规定时间内，Backup若没有收到Master发来的心跳报文，将切换为Master。

Master/Backup路由器

Master路由器：

定时(Advertisement Interval )发送VRRP通告报文，以便向Backup路由器告知自己的存活情况。
以虚拟MAC地址响应其他设备对虚拟IP地址的kRP请求。2转发目的MAC地址为虚拟MAC地址的IP报文。
如果它是这个虚拟P地址的拥有者（接口实际P地址为虚拟IP地址），则接收目的IP地址为这个虚拟IP地址的IP报文。否则，丢弃这个IP报文。
如果收到比自己优先级大的报文，立即成为Backup。
如果收到与自己优先级相等的VRRP报文且本地接口IP地址小于对端接口IP立即成为Backup。

Backup路由器：

接收Master设备发送的VRRP通告报文，判断Master设备的状态是否正常。
对虚拟IP地址的ARP请求，不做响应。
丢弃目的IP地址为虚抄P地址的IP报文。
如果收到优先级和自己相同或者比自己大的报文，则重置Master_Down_Interval定时器，不进一步比较IP地址。
如果收到比自己优先级小的报文且该报文优先级是0时，定时器时间设置为Skew_time(偏移时间），如果该报文优先级不是0，丢弃报文，立刻成为Master。

VRRP报文

VRRP报文被封装在IP包中。使用专门的VRRP IPv4组播地址。（协议号112，组播地址 224.0.0.18）
IANA分配给VRRP的IP协议号为112（十进制）。
IANA给VRRP分配的IP组播地址为224.0.0.18。这是一个本地范围的多播地址。不论TTL的值是多少，路由器都被禁止转发以此地址为目标地址的报文。
VRRP报文的IP头中，TTL必须为255。当VRRP路由器收到TTL不等于255的VRRP协议报文后，必须丢弃。

VRRP的工作过程

VRRP组中的设备选举出Mastey。Master设备通过发送免费ARP报文S将虚拟MAC地址通知给与它连接的设备或者主机，从而承担报文转发任务。
Master设备周期性向备份组内所有Backup设备发送VRRk通苦报文。
如果Master设备出现故障，VRRP备份组中的Backup设备重新选举新的Master。VRRP组状态切换时，Master设备由一台设备切换为另外一台设备，新的Master设备会立即发送携带虚拟路由器的虚拟MAC地址和虚拟IP地址信息的免费ARP报文，刷新与它连接的主机或设备中的MAC表项>从而把用户流量引到新的Master设备上来，整个过程对用户完全透明。
原Master设备故障恢复时，若该设备为IP地址拥有者〈则其优先级为255 )，将直接切换至Master状态。若该设备优先级小于255，将首先切换至Backup状态，且其优先级恢复为故障前配置的优先级。
Backup设备的优先级高于Master设备时，由Backup设备的工作方式(抢占方式和非抢占方式)决定是否重新选举Master。

实验题

实验一

给PC配好配置后配三个交换机
SW1的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys sw1
[sw1]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw1]inter g0/0/1
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l t
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p t a v 10 20
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter vlan 10
[sw1-Vlanif10]ip address 192.168.1.253 24
[sw1-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw1-Vlanif20]ip address 192.168.2.252 24
[sw1-Vlanif20]inter vlan 10
[sw1-Vlanif10]vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[sw1-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw1-Vlanif20]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[sw1-Vlanif20]inter vlan 10
[sw1-Vlanif10]vrrp vrid 1 priority 110
[sw1-Vlanif10]dis this
#
interface Vlanif10
 ip address 192.168.1.253 255.255.255.0
 vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
 vrrp vrid 1 priority 110
#
return
[sw1-Vlanif10]

SW2的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys sw2
[sw2]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw2]inter g0/0/1
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l t
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p t a v 10 20
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter vlan 10
[sw2-Vlanif10]ip address 192.168.1.252 24
[sw2-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw2-Vlanif20]ip address 192.168.2.253 24
[sw2-Vlanif20]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[sw2-Vlanif20]inter vlan 10
[sw2-Vlanif10]vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[sw2-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw2-Vlanif20]vrrp vrid 2 priority 110
[sw2-Vlanif20]q
[sw2]
[sw2]dis vrrp b
VRID  State        Interface                Type     Virtual IP     
----------------------------------------------------------------
1     Backup       Vlanif10                 Normal   192.168.1.254  
2     Master       Vlanif20                 Normal   192.168.2.254  
----------------------------------------------------------------
Total:2     Master:1     Backup:1     Non-active:0     
[sw2]

SW3的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center 
                         ^
Error:Incomplete command found at '^' position.
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys sw3
[sw3]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw3]inter g0/0/1
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l a 
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p d v 10
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter g0/0/2
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p l a
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p d v 20 
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]inter g0/0/3
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]p l t 
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]p t a v 10 20
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]inter g0/0/4
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]p l t
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]p t a v 10 20
[sw3-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]

实验二

先配好PC的设置
LSW1的设置

The device is running!

<Huawei>
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]inter e0/0/1
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]p l a 
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]p d v 10
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/1]inter e0/0/2
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]p l a 
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]p d v 20
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/2]inter e0/0/3
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]p l t
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]p t a v 10 20
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/3]inter e0/0/4
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/4]p l t
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/4]p t a v 10 20
[Huawei-Ethernet0/0/4] User interface con0 is available

R1的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys 
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys r1
[r1]inter g0/0/0.1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]ip address 192.168.1.253 24
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]dot1q termination vid 10
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]arp broadcast enable
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]inter g0/0/0.2
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]ip address 192.168.2.252 24
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]dot1q termination vid 20
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]arp broadcast enable
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]inter g0/0/0.1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]vrrp vrid 1 priority 110
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]inter g0/0/0.2
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]q
[r1]dis vrrp b
Total:2     Master:1     Backup:1     Non-active:0      
VRID  State        Interface                Type     Virtual IP     
----------------------------------------------------------------
1     Master       GE0/0/0.1                Normal   192.168.1.254  
2     Backup       GE0/0/0.2                Normal   192.168.2.254  
[r1]inter g0/0/1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.10.2 24
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[r1]ip route-static 3.3.3.3 32 192.168.10.1
[r1]inter g0/0/1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]shutdown
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[r1]inter g0/0/0.1
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]vrrp vrid 1 track interface g0/0/1 reduced 20
[r1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]

R2的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys r2
[r2]inter g0/0/0
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.2.252 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo ip address 192.168.2.252 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]inter g0/0/0.1
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]ip address 192.168.2.252 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]dot1q termination vid 10
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]arp broadcast enable 
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]inter g0/0/0.2
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]inter g0/0/0.1
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]ip address 192.168.1.252 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]inter g0/0/0.2
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]ip address 192.168.2.253 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]dot1q termination vid 20
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]arp broadcast enable
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]inter g0/0/0.1
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.1]inter g0/0/0.2
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]vrrp vrid 2 priority 110
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0.2]q
[r2]dis vrrp b
Total:2     Master:1     Backup:1     Non-active:0      
VRID  State        Interface                Type     Virtual IP     
----------------------------------------------------------------
1     Backup       GE0/0/0.1                Normal   192.168.1.254  
2     Master       GE0/0/0.2                Normal   192.168.2.254  
[r2]inter g0/0/1
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.20.1 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.20.2 24
[r2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[r2]ip route-static 3.3.3.3 32 192.168.20.1
[r2]

R3的设置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center EN
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys r3
[r3]inter g0/0/0
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip address 192.168.10.1 24
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]inter g0/0/1
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip address 192.168.20.1 24
[r3-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter loopback 0
[r3-LoopBack0]ip address 3.3.3.3 32
[r3-LoopBack0]q
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.10.2
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 192.168.20.2
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.20.2
[r3]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 192.168.10.2
[r3]

实验三

SW3的设置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[Huawei]inter g0/0/1
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l a 
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p d v 10
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter g0/0/2
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p l a 
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p d v 20
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]inter g0/0/3
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]p l t
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]p t a v 10 20
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/3]inter g0/0/4
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]p l t 
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/4]p t a v 10 20
[Huawei-GigabitEthernet0/0/4] User interface con0 is available
[Huawei]stp region-c	
[Huawei]stp region-configuration 
[Huawei-mst-region]region-name shiki
[Huawei-mst-region]instance 1 vlan 10
[Huawei-mst-region]instance 2 vlan 20
[Huawei-mst-region]active region-c	
[Huawei-mst-region]active region-configuration 
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.

SW1的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys sw1
[sw1]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw1]inter g0/0/1
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l t 
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p t a v 10 20
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter g0/0/2
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p l t 
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p t a v 10 20 
[sw1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[sw1]inter vlan 10
[sw1-Vlanif10]ip address 192.168.1.214 24
[sw1-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw1-Vlanif20]ip address 192.168.2.215 24
[sw1-Vlanif20]inter vlan 10
[sw1-Vlanif10]vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[sw1-Vlanif10]vrrp vrid 1 priority 110
[sw1-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw1-Vlanif20]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[sw1-Vlanif20]q
[sw1]dis vrrp b
VRID  State        Interface                Type     Virtual IP     
----------------------------------------------------------------
1     Master       Vlanif10                 Normal   192.168.1.254  
2     Backup       Vlanif20                 Normal   192.168.2.254  
----------------------------------------------------------------
Total:2     Master:1     Backup:1     Non-active:0     
[sw1]stp region-c	
[sw1]stp region-configuration 
[sw1-mst-region]region-name shiki
[sw1-mst-region]instance 1 vlan 10
[sw1-mst-region]instance 2 vlan 20
[sw1-mst-region]active region-c	
[sw1-mst-region]active region-configuration 
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw1-mst-region]q
[sw1]stp instance 1 root primary
[sw1]stp instance 2 root secondary

SW2的配置

The device is running!

<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo info-	
[Huawei]undo info-center en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sys sw2
[sw2]vlan batch 10 20
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw2]inter g0/0/1
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p l t
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]p t a v 10 20
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]inter g0/0/2
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p l t
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]p t a v 10 20
[sw2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[sw2]inter vlan 10
[sw2-Vlanif10]ip address 192.168.1.215 24
[sw2-Vlanif10]inter vlan 20
[sw2-Vlanif20]ip address 192.168.2.214 24
[sw2-Vlanif20]vrrp vrid 2 virtual-ip 192.168.2.254
[sw2-Vlanif20]vrrp vrid 2 priority 110
[sw2-Vlanif20]inter vlan 10
[sw2-Vlanif10]vrrp vrid 1 virtual-ip 192.168.1.254
[sw2-Vlanif10]q
[sw2]dis vrrp b
VRID  State        Interface                Type     Virtual IP     
----------------------------------------------------------------
1     Backup       Vlanif10                 Normal   192.168.1.254  
2     Master       Vlanif20                 Normal   192.168.2.254  
----------------------------------------------------------------
Total:2     Master:1     Backup:1     Non-active:0     
[sw2]
[sw2]stp region-c	
[sw2]stp region-configuration 
[sw2-mst-region]region-name shiki
[sw2-mst-region]instance 1 vlan 10
[sw2-mst-region]instance 2 vlan 20
[sw2-mst-region]active region-c	
[sw2-mst-region]active region-configuration 
Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done.
[sw2-mst-region]q
[sw2]stp instance 1 root secondary
[sw2]stp instance 2 root primary