mysql 5.1已经到了beta版,官方网站上也陆续有一些文章介绍,比如上次看到的Improving DatabasePerformance with Partitioning。在使用分区的前提下,可以用mysql实现非常大的数据量存储。今天在mysql的站上又看到一篇进阶的文章 —— 按日期分区存储。如果能够实现按日期分区,这对某些时效性很强的数据存储是相当实用的功能。下面是从这篇文章中摘录的一些内容。
错误的按日期分区例子
最直观的方法,就是直接用年月日这种日期格式来进行常规的分区:
- mysql>
create table rms (d date) -
-> partition by range (d ) -
-> (partition p0 values less than ('1995-01-01'), -
-> partition p1 VALUES LESS THAN ( '2010-01-01' ) );
上面的例子中,就是直接用"Y-m-d"的格式来对一个table进行分区,可惜想当然往往不能奏效,会得到一个错误信息:
ERROR 1064 (42000): VALUES value must be of same type as partition function near '),
partition p1 VALUES LESS THAN ('2010-01-01'))' at line 3
上述分区方式没有成功,而且明显的不经济,老练的DBA会用整型数值来进行分区:
- mysql> CREATE TABLE part_date1
-
-> ( c1 int default NULL, -
-> c2 varchar(30) default NULL, -
-> c3 date default NULL ) engine=myisam -
-> partition by range (cast(date_format(c3,'%Y%m%d') as signed)) -
-> (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN ( 19950101 ), -
-> PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (19960101) , -
-> PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN ( 19970101 ) , -
-> PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (19980101) , -
-> PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN ( 19990101 ) , -
-> PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (20000101) , -
-> PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN ( 20010101 ) , -
-> PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (20020101) , -
-> PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN ( 20030101 ) , -
-> PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (20040101) , -
-> PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN ( 20100101 ), -
-> PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE ); -
Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0. 01 sec )
搞定?接着往下分析
- mysql> explain partitions
-
-> select count (* ) from part_date1 where -
-> c3> date '1995-01-01' and c3 <date '1995-12-31'\G -
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
id: 1 -
select_type: SIMPLE -
table: part_date1 -
partitions: p0,p1,p2,p3,p4,p5,p6,p7,p8,p9,p10,p11 -
type: ALL -
possible_keys: NULL
-
key: NULL -
key_len: NULL -
ref: NULL -
rows: 8100000 -
Extra: Using where -
1 row in set ( 0. 00 sec )
万恶的mysql居然对上面的sql使用全表扫描,而不是按照我们的日期分区分块查询。原文中解释到MYSQL的优化器并不认这种日期形式的分区,花了大量的篇幅来引诱俺走上歧路,过分。
正确的日期分区例子
mysql优化器支持以下两种内置的日期函数进行分区:
- TO_DAYS()
- YEAR()
看个例子:
- mysql> CREATE TABLE part_date3
-
-> ( c1 int default NULL, -
-> c2 varchar(30) default NULL, -
-> c3 date default NULL ) engine=myisam -
-> partition by range (to_days(c3)) -
-> (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days ( '1995-01-01' ) ), -
-> PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days('1996-01-01')) , -
-> PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days ( '1997-01-01' ) ) , -
-> PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days('1998-01-01')) , -
-> PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days ( '1999-01-01' ) ) , -
-> PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days('2000-01-01')) , -
-> PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days ( '2001-01-01' ) ) , -
-> PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days('2002-01-01')) , -
-> PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days ( '2003-01-01' ) ) , -
-> PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days('2004-01-01')) , -
-> PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days ( '2010-01-01' ) ), -
-> PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE ); -
Query OK, 0 rows affected ( 0. 00 sec )
以to_days()函数分区成功,我们分析一下看看:
- mysql> explain partitions
-
-> select count (* ) from part_date3 where -
-> c3> date '1995-01-01' and c3 <date '1995-12-31'\G -
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
id: 1 -
select_type: SIMPLE -
table: part_date3 -
partitions: p1 -
type: ALL -
possible_keys: NULL
-
key: NULL -
key_len: NULL -
ref: NULL -
rows: 808431 -
Extra: Using where -
1 row in set ( 0. 00 sec )
可以看到,mysql优化器这次不负众望,仅仅在p1分区进行查询。在这种情况下查询,真的能够带来提升查询效率么?下面分别对这次建立的part_date3和之前分区失败的part_date1做一个查询对比:
- mysql> select count(*) from part_date3 where
-
-> c3> date '1995-01-01' and c3 <date '1995-12-31'; - +----------+
-
| count (* ) |
- +----------+
-
|
805114 | - +----------+
-
1 row in set ( 4. 11 sec )
-
-
mysql> select count (* ) from part_date1 where
-
-> c3> date '1995-01-01' and c3 <date '1995-12-31'; -
+----------+
- | count(*) |
-
+----------+
- |
805114 | -
+----------+
- 1 row in set (40.33 sec)
可以看到,分区正确的话query花费时间为4秒,而分区错误则花费时间40秒(相当于没有分区),效率有90%的提升!所以我们千万要正确的使用分区功能,分区后务必用explain验证,这样才能获得真正的性能提升。
注意:
在mysql5.1中建立分区表的语句中,只能包含下列函数:
ABS()
CEILING() and FLOOR() (在使用这2个函数的建立分区表的前提是使用函数的分区键是INT类型),例如
mysql> CREATE TABLE t (c FLOAT) PARTITION BY LIST( FLOOR(c) )( -> PARTITION p0 VALUES IN (1,3,5),-> PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (2,4,6) -> );; ERROR 1491 (HY000): The PARTITION function returns the wrong typemysql> CREATE TABLE t (c int) PARTITION BY LIST( FLOOR(c) )( -> PARTITION p0 VALUESIN (1,3,5), -> PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (2,4,6) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
DAY()
DAYOFMONTH()
DAYOFWEEK()
DAYOFYEAR()
DATEDIFF()
EXTRACT()
HOUR()
MICROSECOND()
MINUTE()
MOD()
MONTH()
QUARTER()
SECOND()
TIME_TO_SEC()
TO_DAYS()
WEEKDAY()
YEAR()
YEARWEEK()