Node.js轻松学（基础篇）笔记

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-18 14:43:35 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-18 14:43:35 发布

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分类专栏：后端 Node.js 文章标签：后端轻松学 Node.js

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/SSR_J_Study/article/details/101490948

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这篇博客详细介绍了Node.js的基础知识，包括开发环境搭建、全局对象、回调函数、模块、事件和文件读写。进一步深入，讲解了如何创建和删除目录、使用流和管道，以及构建web服务器的各个部分，如响应JSON和HTML，路由和数据发送。此外，还涵盖了NPM包管理器、package.json文件和nodemon自动化工具的使用。

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Node.js轻松学（基础篇）笔记

#1 课程介绍与开发环境搭建
#2 全局对象
#3 回调函数
#4 模块
#5 事件
#6 读写文件（同步，异步）
#7 创建和删除目录
#8 流和管道
#9 web服务器part 1介绍
#10 web服务器part 2 响应JSON
#11 web服务器part 3 响应HTML页面
#12 web服务器part 4 用模块化思想组织代码
#13 web服务器 part 5 路由
#14 web服务器 part 6 重构路由代码
#15 web服务器 part 7 使用GET或POST请求发送数据
#16 包管理器 NPM
#17 package.json 文件
#18 nodemon

#1 课程介绍与开发环境搭建

terminal插件：可以在终端打开文件

#2 全局对象

浏览器中的全局对象：window，里面有方法console.log()，setTimeout()等

console.log(__dirname);   //输出当前目录名
console.log(__filename);   //输出文件名

// require exports

var time = 0;

setTimeout(() =>{
    console.log("3 seconds have passed");
}, 3000);

var timer = setInterval(function() {    //循环输出
    time += 2;
    console.log(time + " seconds have passed");
    if (time > 5) {
        clearInterval(timer);
    }
}, 2000);

#3 回调函数

一般函数的定义

function sayHi() {
    console.log('Hi');
}

var sayBye = function() {
    console.log('Bye');
}

sayHi();
sayBye();

回调函数

function callFunction(fun) {
    fun();
}

function callFunction(fun，param) {
    fun(param);
}

callFunction(function(param){
    //TODO
},param)

#4 模块

module.exports = func_name;
var func = require('./filename');

//暴露出一个对象
module.exports.func1 = func1_name;
module.exports.func2 = func2_name;
module.exports.func3 = func3_name;
var stuff = require('./filename');
stuff.func1();

module.exports = {
    func1: func1_name;
    func2: func2_name;
    func3: func3_name;
}
var func1 = require('./count').pi;

#5 事件

用户点击触发事件

element.on('click',function() {
    console.log('clicked');
})

nodejs中触发事件

var events = require('events');
var util = require('util');
var myEmitter = new events.EventEmitter();
myEmitter.on('eventName',function(param) {   
    console.log(param)
})
myEmitter.emit('eventName',param);



var events = require('events');
var util = require('util');    //nodejs工具库

var Person = function(name) {
    this.name = name
}

util.inherits(Person, events.EventEmitter);    //继承类

var xiaoming = new Person('xiaoming');
var lili = new Person('lili');
var lucy = new Person('lucy');

var person = [xiaoming, lili, lucy];

person.forEach(function(person)    //循环遍历
    person.on('speak', function(message) {     //事件绑定
        console.log(person.name + " said: " + message);
    })
})

xiaoming.emit('speak', 'hi');     //事件触发
lucy.emit('speak', 'I want a curry');

#6 读写文件（同步，异步）

同步：按代码顺序，从上到下依次执行，等上一个文件加载完才能加载下一个
异步：按加载顺序执行
nodejs在执行JavaScript的时候是单线程的（！nodejs并不是单线程的
- nodejs维护了一个事件队列，读到事件时就会储存到事件队列中，当主线程空闲时会先向下执行，发起另一个线程去执行耗时的操作，执行成功后再通知主线程
- nodejs高性能，因为各步操作是可异步的
- 注意，异步的方法都要加回调函数

/*同步*/
//读文件
var fs = require('fs');
var readMe = fs.readFileSync("readMe","utf8");   //文件名，编码

//写文件
fs.writeFileSync("wtiteMe.txr",readMe);  //文件名，文件内容


/*异步*/
var fs = require('fs');
var readMe = fs.readFile("readMe","utf8",function(err,data) {  //文件名，编码，回调函数
    console.log(data);
});  
var writeMe = fs.writeFile('writeMe.txt',function() {  //文件名，编码，回调函数
    console.log("content");
});

#7 创建和删除目录

var fs = require('fs');
fs.unlink("writeMe.txt",function() {         //异步删除
    console.log("delete writeMe.txt file");
})

fs.mkdirSync('stuff');   //同步 创建目录
fs.mkdir('stuff',function() {    //异步 复制文件
    fs.readFile('readMe.txt','utf8',function(err,data) {
        fs.writeFile('./stuff/writeMe.txt',data,function() {
            console.log('copy successfully');
        })
    })
});

#8 流和管道

处理数据，将文件储存成一个个buffer来处理
提高性能
是一个事件的实例

var fs = require('fs');

var myReadStream = fs.createReadStream(_dirname + '/readMe.txt');
myReadStream.setEncoding("utf8");   //单独设置编码格式

var myReadStream = fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/readMe.txt','utf8'); //直接设置编码格式
var myWriteStream = fs.createWriteStream(__dirname + '/writeMe.txt');

var data = ""

var writeData = "hello world";
myWriteStream.write(writeData);
myWriteStream.end();
myWriteStream.on('finish',function() {  //设置一个监听方法，在结束时提醒
    console.log('finished');
})

myReadStream.on('data',function(chunk) {
    data += chunk;
   myWriteStream(chunk);
})

myReadStream.on('end',function() {
    console.log(data);
})

使用管道的方式复制粘贴文件

var fs = require('fs');

var myReadStream = fs.createReadStream(_dirname + '/readMe.txt');
myReadStream.setEncoding("utf8");   //单独设置编码格式

var myReadStream = fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/readMe.txt','utf8'); //直接设置编码格式
var myWriteStream = fs.createWriteStream(__dirname + '/writeMe.txt');

myReadStream.pipe(myWriteStream);

// 解压
var crypto = require('crypto');
var fs = require('fs');
var zlib = require('zlib');

var password = new Buffer(process.env.PASS || 'password');
var decryptStream = crypto.createDecipher('aes-256-cbc', password);

var gzip = zlib.createGunzip();
var readStream = fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/out.gz');

readStream // reads current file
    .pipe(gzip) // uncompresses
    .pipe(decryptStream) // decrypts
    .pipe(process.stdout) // writes to terminal
    .on('finish', function() { // finished
        console.log('done');
    });

// 压缩
var crypto = require('crypto');
var fs = require('fs');
var zlib = require('zlib');

var password = new Buffer(process.env.PASS || 'password');
var encryptStream = crypto.createCipher('aes-256-cbc', password);

var gzip = zlib.createGzip();
var readStream = fs.createReadStream(__dirname + "/readMe.txt"); // current file
var writeStream = fs.createWriteStream(__dirname + '/out.gz');

readStream // reads current file
    .pipe(encryptStream) // encrypts
    .pipe(gzip) // compresses
    .pipe(writeStream) // writes to out file
    .on('finish', function() { // all done
        console.log('done');
    });

ls | grep app 这个命令在Linux和mac才合适，或者Windows的Git bash

#9 web服务器part 1介绍

var http = require('http');

var onRequest = function(request,response) {
    console.log('Request received')
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/plain'});
    response.write('Hello from out application');
    response.end();
}
    
var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

server.listen(3000，'127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');

#10 web服务器part 2 响应JSON

var http = require('http');

var onRequest = function(request,response) {
    console.log('Request received')
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'application/json'});
    var myObj = {
        name:"name",
        job:"programmer",
        age:18
    };
    response.end(JSON.stringify(myObj));   
}
    
var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

server.listen(3000，'127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');

JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(myObj)); //JSON的序列化和反序列化

#11 web服务器part 3 响应HTML页面

var http = require('http');

var onRequest = function(request,response) {
    console.log('Request received')
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    var htmlFile ='<!DOCTYPE html>' +
					'<html lang="en">' +
						'<head>' +
   							 '<meta charset="UTF-8">' +
  							  '<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, '+
    								'initial-scale=1.0">' +
    						  '<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">' +
    					      '<title>Document</title>' +
						'</head>' + 
                        '<body>' +
                        '</body>' +
                        '</html>'
    response.end(htmlFile);   
}
    
var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

server.listen(3000，'127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');

利用流和管道响应HTML页面

var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs');

var onRequest = function(request,response) {
    console.log('Request received')
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    var myReadStream = fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/index.html','utf8');
    myReadStream.pipe(response);
}
    
var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

server.listen(3000，'127.0.0.1');
console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');

#12 web服务器part 4 用模块化思想组织代码

//server.js

var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs');

function startServer() {
    var onRequest = function(request,response) {
    console.log('Request received')
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    var myReadStream = fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/index.html','utf8');
    myReadStream.pipe(response);
	}
    
	var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

	server.listen(3000，'127.0.0.1');
	console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');
}

exports.startServer = startServer;

//app.js

var server = require('./server');
server.startServer();

#13 web服务器 part 5 路由

var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs');

function startServer() {
    var onRequest = function(request, response) {
        console.log('Request received ' + request.url);
        if (request.url === '/' || request.url === '/home') {
            response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/html' });
            fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/index.html', 'utf8').pipe(response);
        } else if (request.url === '/review') {
            response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'text/html' });
            fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/review.html', 'utf8').pipe(response);
        } else if (request.url === '/api/v1/records') {
            response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
            var jsonObj = {
                name: "hfpp2012"
            };
            response.end(JSON.stringify(jsonObj));
        } else {
            response.writeHead(404, { 'Content-Type': 'text/html' });
            fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/404.html', 'utf8').pipe(response);
        }
    }

    var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

    server.listen(3000, '127.0.0.1');
    console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');
}

exports.startServer = startServer;

#14 web服务器 part 6 重构路由代码

//router.js

var fs = require('fs');

function route(handle,pathname,response){
    console.log('Routing a request for ' + pathname);
    if(typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
        handle[pathname](response);
    } else {
        response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/404.httml','utf8').pipe(response);
    }
}

module.exports.route = route;

//handler.js

var fs = require('fs');

function home(response) {
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/index.httml','utf8').pipe(response);
}

function review(response) {
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/review.httml','utf8').pipe(response);
}

function api_records(response) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
    var jsonObj = {
        name: "hfpp2012"
    };
    response.end(JSON.stringify(jsonObj));
}

module.exports = {
    home : home,
    review : review,
    api_records : api_records
}

//server.js

var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs');

function startServer(route,handle) {
    var onRequest = function(request, response) {
        console.log('Request received ' + request.url);
        route(handle,request.url,response);
    }

    var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

    server.listen(3000, '127.0.0.1');
    console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');
}

module.exports.startServer = startServer;

//app.js

var server = require('./server');
var router = require('./router');
var handler = require('./handler');

var handle = {};
handle['/'] = handler.home ;
handle['/home'] = handler.home ;
handle['/review'] = handler.review ;
handle['/api/v1/records'] = handler.api_records ;

server.startServer(router.route,handle);

#15 web服务器 part 7 使用GET或POST请求发送数据

GET方法：一般用于查询
POST方法：一般用于提交

GET演示：

//server.js

var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs');
var url = require('url');

function startServer(route,handle) {
    var onRequest = function(request, response) {
        var pathname = function(request.url).pathname;
        console.log('Request received ' + request.url);
        var params = url.parse(request.url,true).query;   //取get传递的参数
        route(handle,pathname,response,params);
    }

    var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

    server.listen(3000, '127.0.0.1');
    console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');
}

module.exports.startServer = startServer;

//router.js

var fs = require('fs');

function route(handle,pathname,response,params){
    console.log('Routing a request for ' + pathname);
    if(typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
        handle[pathname](response,params);
    } else {
        response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/404.httml','utf8').pipe(response);
    }
}

module.exports.route = route;

//handler.js

var fs = require('fs');

function home(response) {
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/index.httml','utf8').pipe(response);
}

function review(response) {
    response.writeHead(200,{'Content-Type':'text/html'});
    fs.createReadStream(__dirname + '/review.httml','utf8').pipe(response);
}

function api_records(response,params) {
    response.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' });
    response.end(JSON.stringify(params));
}

module.exports = {
    home : home,
    review : review,
    api_records : api_records
}

POST演示：

//一个表单
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>hfpp2012</title>
</head>

<body>
    <form action="/api/v1/records" method="post">
        name: <input type="text" name="name" /> age: <input type="text" name="age" />
        <input type="submit" value="Submit">
    </form>
</body>

</html>

//server.js

var http = require('http');
var fs = require('fs');
var url = require('url');
var querystring = require('querystring');

function startServer(route,handle) {
    var onRequest = function(request, response) {
        var pathname = function(request.url).pathname;
        console.log('Request received ' + request.url);
        //var data = "";
        var data = [];
        request.on("error",function(err) {
            console.error(err);
        }).on("data",function(chunk) {
            //data += chunk;
            data.push(chunk);
        }).on('end',function() {
            if(request.method === "POST") {
                if (data.length > 1e6) {       //传送数据量过大时，取消该请求
                    request.connection.destory();
                }
                data = Buffer.concat(data).toString();
                route(handle,pathname,response,parse(data));
            } else {
                var params = url.parse(request.url,true).query;   //取get传递的参数
            	route(handle,pathname,response,params);
            }
        })
    }

    var server = http.createServer(onRequest);

    server.listen(3000, '127.0.0.1');
    console.log('Server started on localhost port 3000');
}

module.exports.startServer = startServer;

#16 包管理器 NPM

官网：https://www.npmjs.com/
框架：express
安装框架：npm install express
安装单个包：npm install -g webpack
安装很慢时：切换淘宝镜像
yarn：另一包管理器

#17 package.json 文件

dependencies，devDependencies：记录所有安装包的信息和版本
npm init
scripts > start：入口文件；npm run start
已有packa.json，安装包：npm install

#18 nodemon

监控所有的文件，文件一旦改变，服务器就会自动重启
安装：npm install -g nodemon
第一次运行：nodemon xxx or 在package.json > start：nodemon xxx

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Node.js轻松学（基础篇）笔记

Node.js轻松学（基础篇）笔记#1 课程介绍与开发环境搭建#2 全局对象#3 回调函数#4 模块#5 事件#6 读写文件（同步，异步）#7 创建和删除目录#8 流和管道#9 web服务器part 1介绍#10 web服务器part 2 响应JSON#11 web服务器part 3 响应HTML页面#12 web服务器part 4 用模块化思想组织代码#13 web服务器 part 5 路由#1...
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