从零开始学C++之运算符重载（三）：完善String类（[]、 +、 += 运算符重载）、>>和<<运算符重载

在前面文章中使用过几次String类的例子，现在多重载几个运算符，更加完善一下，并且重载流类运算符。

[]运算符重载
+运算符重载
+=运算符重载
<<运算符重载
>>运算符重载

String.h：

#ifndef _STRING_H_
#define _STRING_H_
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class String
{
public:
    String(const char *str = "");
    String(const String &other);
    String &operator=(const String &other);
    String &operator=(const char *str);

    bool operator!() const;
    char &operator[](unsigned int index);
    const char &operator[](unsigned int index) const;

    friend String operator+(const String &s1, const String &s2);
    String &operator+=(const String &other);

    friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const String &str);
    friend istream &operator>>(istream &is, String &str);
    ~String(void);

    void Display() const;
    int Length() const;
    bool IsEmpty() const;

private:
    String &Assign(const char *str);
    char *AllocAndCpy(const char *str);
    char *str_;
};

#endif // _STRING_H_

String.cpp：

#pragma warning(disable:4996)
#include "String.h"
#include <string.h>
//#include <iostream>
//using namespace std;

String::String(const char *str)
{
    str_ = AllocAndCpy(str);
}

String::String(const String &other)
{
    str_ = AllocAndCpy(other.str_);
}

String &String::operator=(const String &other)
{
    if (this == &other)
        return *this;

    return Assign(other.str_);
}

String &String::operator=(const char *str)
{
    return Assign(str);
}

String &String::Assign(const char *str)
{
    delete[] str_;
    str_ = AllocAndCpy(str);
    return *this;
}

bool String::operator!() const
{
    return strlen(str_) != 0;
}

char &String::operator[](unsigned int index)
{
    //return str_[index];
    //non const 版本调用 const版本

    return const_cast<char &>(static_cast<const String &>(*this)[index]);
}

const char &String::operator[](unsigned int index) const
{
    return str_[index];
}

String::~String()
{
    delete[] str_;
}

char *String::AllocAndCpy(const char *str)
{
    int len = strlen(str) + 1;
    char *newstr = new char[len];
    memset(newstr, 0, len);
    strcpy(newstr, str);

    return newstr;
}

void String::Display() const
{
    cout << str_ << endl;
}

int String::Length() const
{
    return strlen(str_);
}

bool String::IsEmpty() const
{
    return Length() == 0;
}

String operator+(const String &s1, const String &s2)
{
    //int len = strlen(s1.str_) + strlen(s2.str_) + 1;
    //char* newstr = new char[len];
    //memset(newstr, 0, len);
    //strcpy(newstr, s1.str_);
    //strcat(newstr, s2.str_);
    //
    //String tmp(newstr);
    //delete newstr;
    String str = s1;
    str += s2;
    return str;
}

String &String::operator+=(const String &other)
{
    int len = strlen(str_) + strlen(other.str_) + 1;
    char *newstr = new char[len];
    memset(newstr, 0, len);
    strcpy(newstr, str_);
    strcat(newstr, other.str_);

    delete[] str_;

    str_ = newstr;
    return *this;
}

ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const String &str)
{
    os << str.str_;
    return os;
}

istream &operator>>(istream &is, String &str)
{
    char tmp[1024];
    cin >> tmp;
    str = tmp;
    return is;
}

main.cpp：

#include "String.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    String s1("abcdefg");

    char ch = s1[2];
    cout << ch << endl;

    s1[2] = 'A';
    s1.Display();

    const String s2("xyzabc");
    ch = s2[2];
    //s2[2] = 'M'; Error
    s2.Display();


    String s3 = "xxx";
    String s4 = "yyy";

    String s5 = s3 + s4;
    s5.Display();

    String s6 = "aaa" + s3 + "sdfadfa" + "xxxx";
    s6.Display();

    s3 += s4;
    s3.Display();

    cout << s3 << endl;

    String s7;
    cin >> s7;
    cout << s7 << endl;

if (!s7.IsEmpty())
cout<<s7.Length()<<endl;

    return 0;
}

需要注意的是，不能将String类的构造函数声明为explicit，否则 String s3 = “xxx”; 编译出错；operator[] 的non const 版本调用了const 版本的实现，其中使用了static_cast和 const_cast 两种类型转换操作符，可以参考这里；operator+ 调用了operator+= 的实现；只能将流类运算符重载为友元函数，因为第一个参数是流类引用，不是String 类。
通过实现这样一个字符串类，我们可以熟悉基本的内存管理与拷贝控制。

参考：
C++ primer 第四版
Effective C++ 3rd
C++编程规范

转载自http://blog.csdn.net/jnu_simba/article/details/9294115