Android - Menus

》 the three fundamental types of menus or action presentations on all versions of Android:Options menu and app bar；Context menu and contextual action mode；Popup menu

Beginning with Android 3.0, theMenu button（ Android 2.3 or lower） is deprecated (some devices don't have one), so you should migrate toward using the action bar to provide access to actions and other options.

》It's where you should place actions that have a global impact on the app, such as "Search," "Compose email," and "Settings."

Here's an example menu named game_menu.xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:id="@+id/new_game"
          android:icon="@drawable/ic_new_game"
          android:title="@string/new_game"
          android:showAsAction="ifRoom"/>
    <item android:id="@+id/help"
          android:icon="@drawable/ic_help"
          android:title="@string/help" />
</menu>

》 You can add a submenu to an item in any menu (except a submenu) by adding a  <menu>  element as the child of an  <item> . Submenus are useful when your application has a lot of functions that can be organized into topics, like items in a PC application's menu bar (File, Edit, View, etc.). For example:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:id="@+id/file"
          android:title="@string/file" >
        <!-- "file" submenu -->
        <menu>
            <item android:id="@+id/create_new"
                  android:title="@string/create_new" />
            <item android:id="@+id/open"
                  android:title="@string/open" />
        </menu>
    </item>
</menu>

To specify the options menu for an activity, override onCreateOptionsMenu() (fragments provide their ownonCreateOptionsMenu() callback). In this method, you can inflate your menu resource (defined in XML) into theMenu provided in the callback. For example:

@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
    MenuInflater inflater = getMenuInflater();
    inflater.inflate(R.menu.game_menu, menu);
    return true;
}

You can also add menu items using add() and retrieve items with findItem() to revise their properties withMenuItem APIs.

》

Tip: Android 3.0 adds the ability for you to define the on-click behavior for a menu item in XML, using theandroid:onClick attribute. The value for the attribute must be the name of a method defined by the activity using the menu. The method must be public and accept a single MenuItem parameter—when the system calls this method, it passes the menu item selected. For more information and an example, see the Menu Resource document.

Tip: If your application contains multiple activities and some of them provide the same options menu, consider creating an activity that implements nothing except the onCreateOptionsMenu() andonOptionsItemSelected() methods. Then extend this class for each activity that should share the same options menu. This way, you can manage one set of code for handling menu actions and each descendant class inherits the menu behaviors. If you want to add menu items to one of the descendant activities, override onCreateOptionsMenu() in that activity. Call super.onCreateOptionsMenu(menu) so the original menu items are created, then add new menu items with menu.add(). You can also override the super class's behavior for individual menu items.

》On Android 2.3.x and lower, the system calls onPrepareOptionsMenu() each time the user opens the options menu (presses the Menu button).

On Android 3.0 and higher, the options menu is considered to always be open when menu items are presented in the app bar. When an event occurs and you want to perform a menu update, you must callinvalidateOptionsMenu() to request that the system call onPrepareOptionsMenu().

Note: You should never change items in the options menu based on the View currently in focus. When in touch mode (when the user is not using a trackball or d-pad), views cannot take focus, so you should never use focus as the basis for modifying items in the options menu. If you want to provide menu items that are context-sensitive to a View, use a Context Menu.

》A contextual menu offers actions that affect a specific item or context frame in the UI. You can provide a context menu for any view, but they are most often used for items in a ListView,GridView, or other view collections in which the user can perform direct actions on each item.

》Note: The contextual action mode is available on Android 3.0 (API level 11) and higher and is the preferred technique for displaying contextual actions when available. If your app supports versions lower than 3.0 then you should fall back to a floating context menu on those devices.

If you're developing for Android 3.0 (API level 11) or higher, you should usually use the contextual action mode to present contextual actions, instead of the floating context menu.

》Implement the ActionMode.Callback interface:

private ActionMode.Callback mActionModeCallback = new ActionMode.Callback() {

    // Called when the action mode is created; startActionMode() was called
    @Override
    public boolean onCreateActionMode(ActionMode mode, Menu menu) {
        // Inflate a menu resource providing context menu items
        MenuInflater inflater = mode.getMenuInflater();
        inflater.inflate(R.menu.context_menu, menu);
        return true;
    }

    // Called each time the action mode is shown. Always called after onCreateActionMode, but
    // may be called multiple times if the mode is invalidated.
    @Override
    public boolean onPrepareActionMode(ActionMode mode, Menu menu) {
        return false; // Return false if nothing is done
    }

    // Called when the user selects a contextual menu item
    @Override
    public boolean onActionItemClicked(ActionMode mode, MenuItem item) {
        switch (item.getItemId()) {
            case R.id.menu_share:
                shareCurrentItem();
                mode.finish(); // Action picked, so close the CAB
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    // Called when the user exits the action mode
    @Override
    public void onDestroyActionMode(ActionMode mode) {
        mActionMode = null;
    }
};

Call startActionMode() to enable the contextual action mode when appropriate, such as in response to a long-click on a View:

someView.setOnLongClickListener(new View.OnLongClickListener() {
    // Called when the user long-clicks on someView
    public boolean onLongClick(View view) {
        if (mActionMode != null) {
            return false;
        }

        // Start the CAB using the ActionMode.Callback defined above
        mActionMode = getActivity().startActionMode(mActionModeCallback);
        view.setSelected(true);
        return true;
    }
});

》

ListView listView = getListView();
listView.setChoiceMode(ListView.CHOICE_MODE_MULTIPLE_MODAL);
listView.setMultiChoiceModeListener(new MultiChoiceModeListener() {

    @Override
    public void onItemCheckedStateChanged(ActionMode mode, int position,
                                          long id, boolean checked) {
        // Here you can do something when items are selected/de-selected,
        // such as update the title in the CAB
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onActionItemClicked(ActionMode mode, MenuItem item) {
        // Respond to clicks on the actions in the CAB
        switch (item.getItemId()) {
            case R.id.menu_delete:
                deleteSelectedItems();
                mode.finish(); // Action picked, so close the CAB
                return true;
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onCreateActionMode(ActionMode mode, Menu menu) {
        // Inflate the menu for the CAB
        MenuInflater inflater = mode.getMenuInflater();
        inflater.inflate(R.menu.context, menu);
        return true;
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroyActionMode(ActionMode mode) {
        // Here you can make any necessary updates to the activity when
        // the CAB is removed. By default, selected items are deselected/unchecked.
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onPrepareActionMode(ActionMode mode, Menu menu) {
        // Here you can perform updates to the CAB due to
        // an invalidate() request
        return false;
    }
});

》Note: PopupMenu is available with API level 11 and higher.

> The activity can then show the popup menu like this:

public void showPopup(View v) {
    PopupMenu popup = new PopupMenu(this, v);
    MenuInflater inflater = popup.getMenuInflater();
    inflater.inflate(R.menu.actions, popup.getMenu());
    popup.show();
}

In API level 14 and higher, you can combine the two lines that inflate the menu with PopupMenu.inflate().

>You can create a group by nesting <item> elements inside a <group> element in your menu resource or by specifying a group ID with the add() method.

Here's an example menu resource that includes a group:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <item android:id="@+id/menu_save"
          android:icon="@drawable/menu_save"
          android:title="@string/menu_save" />
    <!-- menu group -->
    <group android:id="@+id/group_delete">
        <item android:id="@+id/menu_archive"
              android:title="@string/menu_archive" />
        <item android:id="@+id/menu_delete"
              android:title="@string/menu_delete" />
    </group>
</menu>

> Note: Menu items in the Icon Menu (from the options menu) cannot display a checkbox or radio button. If you choose to make items in the Icon Menu checkable, you must manually indicate the checked state by swapping the icon and/or text each time the state changes.

> 

To be included in other application menus, you need to define an intent filter as usual, but be sure to include theCATEGORY_ALTERNATIVE and/or CATEGORY_SELECTED_ALTERNATIVE values for the intent filter category. For example:

<intent-filter label="@string/resize_image">
    ...
    <category android:name="android.intent.category.ALTERNATIVE" />
    <category android:name="android.intent.category.SELECTED_ALTERNATIVE" />
    ...
</intent-filter>