由 Hibernate 管理主键,自动以递增的方式生成标识符,每次增量为 1
。
在每次插入数据前从数据库中取出主键当前最大值(每个 session 只取一次),以该值为基础加 1
在内存中生成新的主键,该操作不依赖于底层数据库,所以可跨数据库。
Hibernate 调用 org.hibernate.id.IncrementGenerator
类里面的 generate()
方法,使用 select max(idColumnName) from tableName
语句获取主键最大值。该方法被声明成了 synchronized
,所以在一个独立的 Java 虚拟机内部是没有问题的。然而,在多个 JVM 同时并发访问数据库 select max
时就可能取出相同的值,再 insert
就会发生 Dumplicate entry
的错误。所以只能有一个 Hibernate 应用进程访问数据库,否则就可能产生主键冲突,所以不适合多进程并发更新数据库,适合单一进程访问数据库,不能用于群集环境。
官方文档:只有在没有其他进程往同一张表中插入数据时才能使用,在集群下不要使用。
特点:跨数据库,不适合多进程并发更新数据库,适合单一进程访问数据库,不能用于集群环境。
使用 MySQL 演示:
1 使用 XML
1.1 持久化类定义:
package hibernate;
import java.util.Date;
public class Person {
private Integer id;
private String account;
private String name;
private Date birth;
public Person() {}
public Person(String account, String name, Date birth) {
this.account = account;
this.name = name;
this.birth = birth;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getAccount() {
return account;
}
public void setAccount(String account) {
this.account = account;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Date getBirth() {
return birth;
}
public void setBirth(Date birth) {
this.birth = birth;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [id=" + id + ", account=" + account + ", name=" + name + ", birth=" + birth + "]";
}
}
1.2 定义映射:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="hibernate.Person" table="PERSON">
<id name="id" type="int">
<column name="ID" />
<generator class="increment" />
</id>
<property name="account" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="ACCOUNT" />
</property>
<property name="name" type="java.lang.String">
<column name="NAME" />
</property>
<property name="birth" type="java.util.Date">
<column name="BIRTH" />
</property>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
1.3 单元测试:
package hibernate;
import java.util.Date;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.junit.Test;
public class HibernateTest {
@Test
public void test() {
Configuration configuration = new Configuration().configure("hibernate.cfg.xml");
SessionFactory sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
Session session = sessionFactory.openSession();
Transaction transaction = session.beginTransaction();
Date date = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis());
Person person1 = new Person("admin1", "Nick", date);
session.save(person1);
Person person2 = new Person("admin2", "King", date);
session.save(person2);
transaction.commit();
session.close();
sessionFactory.close();
}
}
单元测试通过,查询数据库,hibernate 自动生成的表结构定义如下:
数据库中新插入两条记录,主键从 1 开始,每次递增 1 。
2 使用注解(annotation)
使用注解定义持久化类:
package hibernate;
import java.util.Date;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;
@Entity
@Table
public class Person {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(generator = "assignedGenerator")
@GenericGenerator(name = "assignedGenerator", strategy = "increment")
private Integer id;
private String account;
private String name;
private Date birth;
public Person() {}
public Person(String account, String name, Date birth) {
this.account = account;
this.name = name;
this.birth = birth;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getAccount() {
return account;
}
public void setAccount(String account) {
this.account = account;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Date getBirth() {
return birth;
}
public void setBirth(Date birth) {
this.birth = birth;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [id=" + id + ", account=" + account + ", name=" + name + ", birth=" + birth + "]";
}
}
运行【1.3 单元测试】,测试结果相同。