1、显示所有列
SQL> select * from dept;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
2、显示部分列
SQL> select dname from dept;
DNAME
--------------
ACCOUNTING
RESEARCH
SALES
OPERATIONS
3、使用表达式
SQL> select ename,empno,job,sal,sal*12 from emp;
ENAME EMPNO JOB SAL SAL*12
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 7369 CLERK 800 9600
ALLEN 7499 SALESMAN 1600 19200
WARD 7521 SALESMAN 1250 15000
JONES 7566 MANAGER 2975 35700
MARTIN 7654 SALESMAN 1250 15000
BLAKE 7698 MANAGER 2850 34200
CLARK 7782 MANAGER 2450 29400
SCOTT 7788 ANALYST 3000 36000
KING 7839 PRESIDENT 5000 60000
TURNER 7844 SALESMAN 1500 18000
ADAMS 7876 CLERK 1100 13200
JAMES 7900 CLERK 950 11400
FORD 7902 ANALYST 3000 36000
MILLER 7934 CLERK 1300 15600
已选择14行。
4、使用别名
SQL> select ename as "姓名",empno "编号",job 职位,sal 月薪,sal*12 年薪 from emp;
姓名 编号 职位 月薪 年薪
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SMITH 7369 CLERK 800 9600
ALLEN 7499 SALESMAN 1600 19200
WARD 7521 SALESMAN 1250 15000
JONES 7566 MANAGER 2975 35700
MARTIN 7654 SALESMAN 1250 15000
BLAKE 7698 MANAGER 2850 34200
CLARK 7782 MANAGER 2450 29400
SCOTT 7788 ANALYST 3000 36000
KING 7839 PRESIDENT 5000 60000
TURNER 7844 SALESMAN 1500 18000
ADAMS 7876 CLERK 1100 13200
JAMES 7900 CLERK 950 11400
FORD 7902 ANALYST 3000 36000
MILLER 7934 CLERK 1300 15600
已选择14行。
注:别名可以省掉""和as,但是列名中如果有空格,则不能省略""
5、空值问题
(1)问题:有的员工的年薪为空?
SQL> select ename,empno,job,sal,sal*12+comm from emp;
ENAME EMPNO JOB SAL SAL*12+COMM
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -----------
SMITH 7369 CLERK 800
ALLEN 7499 SALESMAN 1600 19500
WARD 7521 SALESMAN 1250 15500
JONES 7566 MANAGER 2975
MARTIN 7654 SALESMAN 1250 16400
BLAKE 7698 MANAGER 2850
CLARK 7782 MANAGER 2450
SCOTT 7788 ANALYST 3000
KING 7839 PRESIDENT 5000
TURNER 7844 SALESMAN 1500 18000
ADAMS 7876 CLERK 1100
JAMES 7900 CLERK 950
FORD 7902 ANALYST 3000
MILLER 7934 CLERK 1300
已选择14行。
(2)规则:
<1>任何数和空值运算都为空;
<2>空值不为空,即null != null;
(3)解决办法:滤空函数
<1>nvl(a,b):当a是null的时候返回b(b可以是数字,也可以是字符串,字符串用单引号括起来);
<2>如何解决之前的年薪问题
SQL> select ename,empno,job,sal,sal*12+nvl(comm,0) from emp;
ENAME EMPNO JOB SAL SAL*12+NVL(COMM,0)
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------------------
SMITH 7369 CLERK 800 9600
ALLEN 7499 SALESMAN 1600 19500
WARD 7521 SALESMAN 1250 15500
JONES 7566 MANAGER 2975 35700
MARTIN 7654 SALESMAN 1250 16400
BLAKE 7698 MANAGER 2850 34200
CLARK 7782 MANAGER 2450 29400
SCOTT 7788 ANALYST 3000 36000
KING 7839 PRESIDENT 5000 60000
TURNER 7844 SALESMAN 1500 18000
ADAMS 7876 CLERK 1100 13200
JAMES 7900 CLERK 950 11400
FORD 7902 ANALYST 3000 36000
MILLER 7934 CLERK 1300 15600
已选择14行。
6、查询为空和不为空的数据
(1)查询为空数据
SQL> select * from emp where comm is null;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-12月-80 800 20
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-4月 -81 2975 20
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-5月 -81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-6月 -81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-4月 -87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-11月-81 5000 10
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-5月 -87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-12月-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-12月-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-1月 -82 1300 10
已选择10行。
(2)查询不为空的数据
SQL> select * from emp where comm is not null;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
---------- ---------- --------- ---------- -------------- ---------- ---------- ---------
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-2月 -81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-2月 -81 1250 500 30
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-9月 -81 1250 1400 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-9月 -81 1500 0 30
7、连接符(||)和伪表(dual)
SQL> select 'hello' || 'world' from dual;
'HELLO'||'
----------
helloworld
8、删除重复行(distinct)
(1)修饰单个字段
SQL> select distinct deptno from dept;
DEPTNO
---------
10
20
30
40
(2)修饰多个字段:会显示多个字段中都不重复的记录
SQL> select distinct deptno,job from emp;
DEPTNO JOB
--------- ---------
20 CLERK
30 SALESMAN
20 MANAGER
30 CLERK
10 PRESIDENT
30 MANAGER
10 CLERK
10 MANAGER
20 ANALYST
已选择9行。